What Is the Difference Between Cell Wall and Cell Membrane?

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It will need some focused idea for what genetic and stem cell research laboratory you are talking about.Anyways, for some basic genetic diagnosis and research you will need very basic type of PCR, in complex research you would eventually need Real Time as well as sequencers.It will need animal cell lines. For maintaining and screening itu2019s viability one needs some deep freezers, Centrifuges, Phase contrast microscopes, light microscopes, Incubators, pipettes, Gel electrophoresis units, basic chemicals to make buffers, media for culture, Laminar airflow benches, basic glass as well as plastic apparatus, gel documentation system, Spectrophotometer etc. These are all very basic instruments you will need and upon it, some highly skilled and trained staff, roomy location, some good financer/sponsor as it will cost in lakhs to crores.All in all it will be very tough to construct research laboratory from scratch even if you have grants and sponsorship without skill. (Remember it will cost much less if you only want to get involved in diagnosis). What are the major costs of setting up an animal biotechnology laboratory with genetic research and stem cell research as major areas of concentration?

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How much does variation exist between the connectomes of Nematode individuals from the same species?

I was going to pass on this because Iu2019m not an expert on Nematodes, let alone on Nematode neurology (in fact, Nematodes both disgust and bore me, save for their possible epidemiological role), but let me hazard at least some provisional answer while you look for a better expert on the topic.Burr and Robinson claimed to appreciate considerable variation in not only Nematode locomotion but also Nematode behavior, the physical basis for which differences they claimed were observable even under a basic, light microscope. That might suggest that there are significant variations in Nematode connectomes, however, I donu2019t believe they were discussing it in terms of intraspecific - as opposed to interspecific - variations. Indeed, I would seriously doubt, in view of the relative simplicity of the Nematodeu2019s neural networks, that there is even much room for intraspecific variability and any physical difference in neural patterns sufficient to manifest itself both physiologically and ethologically, if it was not the product of specific differences, would likely result in rapid speciation.How much does variation exist between the connectomes of Nematode individuals from the same species?

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What happens during prophase 1 of meiosis?

During this phase of meiosis, chromosomes become visible, crossing-over occurs, the nucleolus disappears, the meiotic spindle forms, and the nuclear envelope disappears.At the start of prophase I, the chromosomes have already duplicated. During prophase I, they coil and become shorter and thicker and visible under the light microscope. The duplicated homologous chromosomes pair, and crossing-over (the physical exchange of chromosome parts) occurs. Crossing-over is the process that can give rise to genetic recombination. At this point, each homologous chromosome pair is visible as a bivalent (tetrad), a tight grouping of two chromosomes, each consisting of two sister chromatids. The sites of crossing-over are seen as crisscrossed nonsister chromatids and are called chiasmata (singular: chiasma).The nucleolus disappears during prophase I.In the cytoplasm, the meiotic spindle, consisting of microtubules and other proteins, forms between the two pairs of centrioles as they migrate to opposite poles of the cell. The nuclear envelope disappears at the end of prophase I, allowing the spindle to enter the nucleus.Prophase I is the longest phase of meiosis, typically consuming 90% of the time for the two divisions

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What is the difference between bacteriology and virology?

Bacteriology is to bacteria what virology is to viruses. While bacteriology focuses on the study of bacteria, virology study's viruses. The main differences are listed below.Bacteriology is boring while virology is very very very interesting. The nomenclature of bacteria (bacteriology)is rigid and over structured. This isn't the case with viruses (virology). I.e. the bacteria that causes uti is Escherichia coli (complex) the viruses that cause yellow fever are yellow fever viruses (simple). In bacteriology, bacteria can be studied with the light microscope. In virology the only thing the light microscope can visualize is the effects of the viruses such as the cytopathic effect and inclusion bodies. To visualize viruses accurately and individually you need an electronic microscope. While bacteriology entails the study of organisms mostly capable of survival on artificial media such as agar, this is not the case with virology. In fact viruses are obligate parasites and can only grow in a host or cell culture.Bacteriology involves the study of living organisms. Virology involves study of viruses which don't meet the threshold of neither being alive nor dead.ThanksWhat is the difference between bacteriology and virology?

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Online repositories of scanning electron microscope photographs?

First off I'd like to reccomend the University of Dartmouth's publicly available collection located here. They have both SEM and TEM images of a wide range of organisms and cells from algae to see urchins through everything from cholera to mammalian cells. Images are high quality, fully captioned and properly attributed.

I'm a little confused as to the problem you're having with google - see my original comment on your question. However I have looked at the photos of Wikimedia Commons in the SEM category and see that they are either images taken with, images of SEM Microscopes or technical drawings regarding their function. I assume that you're looking for the images taken with SEM.

I was able to find a great number of similar images to those in the commons with a Google Image search - I read above that you were having problems with this approach so perhaps try the search term "SEM images" in image search (or this search to avoid duplications from images you have already seen on Wiki Commons)?Examples found on just the first page:

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What is the difference between primary cartilage and secondary cartilage?

Cartilage is a flexible connective tissue that differs from bone in several ways. For one, the primary cell types are chondrocytes as opposed to osteocytes. Chondrocytes are first chondroblast cells that produce the collagen extracellular matrix (ECM) and then get caught in the specialized, fibrous connective tissue present in adults, and forming most of the temporary skeleton in the embryo, providing a model in which most of the bones develop, and constituting an important part of the organism's growth mechanism; the three most important types are hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and fibrocartilage clavicle arises by intramembranous ossification, but it develops secondary cartilages as growth centers.Fibrous cartilage has bundles of collagenous fibers that can be easily observed under a light microscope. Cartilage is covered with a membrane of connective tissue, perichondrium, which contains cells capable of changing into chondrocytes. Cartilage grows mainly by such transformation and by the division of cartilage cells (intercalary growth)The secondary cartilages of the clavicle present important morphologic differences with the primary cartilages of long bones, but similar to that observed in the condylar cartilage of the mandible.

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Why can't a person catch HIV from body fluids or saliva?

HIV is a virus and viruses are very different from other organisms . They are not composed of cells and cannot be seen under a light microscope. Viruses donot exhibit most of the life processes of a cell . They undergo mutations. Mankind victimised by many diseases caused by viruses but no identifiable agent responsible for these diseases was known even after the proposition of the germ theroy of disease. W.M stanley purified the sap which caused tobacco mosaic virus and announced that virus could be crystallized. It ia very difficult to identify and catch viruses in body fluids. As they mutate it is not possible to produce suitable antibiotic to it. So treatment of AIDS with anti-retroviral drugs can prolong the life of the patient but cannot prevent death. A widely used diagnostic test for detecting HIV infection is the Enzyme Linked Immuno-Sorbent Assay (ELISA) test. This can be detected within 15 days to 4 months after the exposur to virus. This ia only a screening test. Western blot is used as a reliable confirmation test for HIV infection

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Which microscope can view DNA?

My dear friend it is the Electron Microscope. An electron microscope is a microscope that uses a beam of accelerated electrons as a source of illumination. As the wavelength of an electron can be up to 100,000 times shorter than that of visible light photons, electron microscopes have a higher resolving power than light microscopes and can reveal the structure of smaller objects. A scanning transmission electron microscope has achieved better than 50pm resolution in annular dark field imaging mode and magnifications of up to about 10,000,000x whereas most light microscopes are limited by diffraction to about 200 nm resolution and useful magnifications below 2000x.Electron microscopes have electron optical lens systems that are analogous to the glass lenses of an optical light microscope.Electron microscopes are used to investigate the ultrastructure of a wide range of biological and inorganic specimens including microorganisms, cells, large molecules, biopsy samples, metals, and crystals. Industrially, electron microscopes are often used for quality control and failure analysis. Modern electron microscopes produce electron micrographs using specialized digital cameras and frame grabbers to capture the image. Hope it helped you

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What is an emulsifier?

Carbon is a unique element in the way that it bonds to other elements. It likes to form 4 bonds, and the way that hydrogen atoms bond to it create an almost non-polar bond, that is the charge is almost neutral across the molecule. Most other molecules are polar, that means that there is a slight positive charge on one part of the molecule and a slight negative charge on the other. The carbons bonded with other carbons in a chain with hydrogen atoms on either side form the backbones that all know life is based on. That's why the compressed undecomposed plant matter crushed under the weight of the earth is an oily goo (or gas, these are the shorter chains, and the longest chains are waxy solids). Polar and non polar molecules can both be liquid, but will not mix together. Emulsifiers suspend small globules in tiny pockets so that the mixture appears fluid and consistent. The globules can be seen under a light microscope as they are not truly dissolved, but suspended. This is called a colloid