⢠Other Related Knowledge of oxygen therapy
List of hallmarks of oxygen therapy
Cancer cells have defects in the control mechanisms that govern how often they divide, and in the feedback systems that regulate these control mechanisms (i.e. defects in homeostasis).
Normal cells grow and divide, but have many controls on that growth. They only grow when stimulated by growth factors. If they are damaged, a molecular brake stops them from dividing until they are repaired. If they can't be repaired, they commit programmed cell death (apoptosis). They can only divide a limited number of times. They are part of a tissue structure, and remain where they belong. They need a blood supply to grow.
All these mechanisms must be overcome in order for a cell to develop into a cancer. Each mechanism is controlled by several proteins. A critical protein must malfunction in each of those mechanisms. These proteins become non-functional or malfunctioning when the DNA sequence of their genes is damaged through acquired or somatic mutations (mutations that are not inherited but occur after conception). This occurs in a series of steps, which Hanahan and Weinberg refer to as hallmarks.
Self-sufficiency in growth signalsCancer cells do not need stimulation from external signals (in the form of growth factors) to multiply.Typically, cells of the body require hormones and other molecules that act as signals for them to grow and divide. Cancer cells, however, have the ability to grow without these external signals. There are multiple ways in which cancer cells can do this: by producing these signals themselves, known as autocrine signalling; by permanently activating the signalling pathways that respond to these signals; or by destroying 'off switches' that prevents excessive growth from these signals (negative feedback). In addition, cell division in normal, non-cancerous cells is tightly controlled. In cancer cells, these processes are deregulated because the proteins that control them are altered, leading to increased growth and cell division within the tumor.
Insensitivity to anti-growth signalsCancer cells are generally resistant to growth-preventing signals from their neighbours.To tightly control cell division, cells have processes within them that prevent cell growth and division. These processes are orchestrated by proteins known as tumor suppressor genes. These genes take information from the cell to ensure that it is ready to divide, and will halt division if not (when the DNA is damaged, for example). In cancer, these tumour suppressor proteins are altered so that they don't effectively prevent cell division, even when the cell has severe abnormalities. Another way cells prevent over-division is that normal cells will also stop dividing when the cells fill up the space they are in and touch other cells; known as contact inhibition. Cancer cells do not have contact inhibition, and so will continue to grow and divide, regardless of their surroundings.
Evading programmed cell deathApoptosis is a form of programmed cell death (cell suicide), the mechanism by which cells are programmed to die in the event they become damaged. Cancer cells are characteristically able to bypass this mechanism.Cells have the ability to 'self-destruct'; a process known as apoptosis. This is required for organisms to grow and develop properly, for maintaining tissues of the body, and is also initiated when a cell is damaged or infected. Cancer cells, however, lose this ability; even though cells may become grossly abnormal, they do not undergo apoptosis. The cancer cells may do this by altering the mechanisms that detect the damage or abnormalities. This means that proper signaling cannot occur, thus apoptosis cannot activate. They may also have defects in the downstream signaling itself, or the proteins involved in apoptosis, each of which will also prevent proper apoptosis.
Limitless replicative potentialNon-cancer cells die after a certain number of divisions. Cancer cells escape this limit and are apparently capable of indefinite growth and division (immortality). But those immortal cells have damaged chromosomes, which can become cancerous.Cells of the body don't normally have the ability to divide indefinitely. They have a limited number of divisions before the cells become unable to divide (senescence), or die (crisis). The cause of these barriers is primarily due to the DNA at the end of chromosomes, known as telomeres. Telomeric DNA shortens with every cell division, until it becomes so short it activates senescence, so the cell stops dividing. Cancer cells bypass this barrier by manipulating enzymes (telomerase) to increase the length of telomeres. Thus, they can divide indefinitely, without initiating senescence.
Mammalian cells have an intrinsic program, the Hayflick limit, that limits their multiplication to about 6070 doublings, at which point they reach a stage of senescence.
This limit can be overcome by disabling their pRB and p53 tumor suppressor proteins, which allows them to continue doubling until they reach a stage called crisis, with apoptosis, karyotypic disarray, and the occasional (107) emergence of an immortalized cell that can double without limit. Most tumor cells are immortalized.
The counting device for cell doublings is the telomere, which decreases in size (loses nucleotides at the ends of chromosomes) during each cell cycle. About 85% of cancers upregulate telomerase to extend their telomeres and the remaining 15% use a method called the Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres.
Sustained angiogenesisAngiogenesis is the process by which new blood vessels are formed. Cancer cells appear to be able to kickstart this process, ensuring that such cells receive a continual supply of oxygen and other nutrients.Normal tissues of the body have blood vessels running through them that deliver oxygen from the lungs. Cells must be close to the blood vessels to get enough oxygen for them to survive. New blood vessels are formed during the development of embryos, during wound repair and during the female reproductive cycle. An expanding tumour requires new blood vessels to deliver adequate oxygen to the cancer cells, and thus exploits these normal physiological processes for its benefit. To do this, the cancer cells acquire the ability to orchestrate production of new vasculature by activating the 'angiogenic switch'. In doing so, they control non-cancerous cells that are present in the tumor that can form blood vessels by reducing the production of factors that inhibit blood vessel production, and increasing the production of factors that promote blood vessel formation.
Tissue invasion and metastasisCancer cells can break away from their site or organ of origin to invade surrounding tissue and spread (metastasize) to distant body parts.One of the most well known properties of cancer cells is their ability to invade neighboring tissues. It is what dictates whether the tumor is benign or malignant, and is the property which enables their dissemination around the body. The cancer cells have to undergo a multitude of changes in order for them to acquire the ability to metastasize, in a multistep process that starts with local invasion of the cells into the surrounding tissues. They then have to invade blood vessels, survive in the harsh environment of the circulatory system, exit this system and then start dividing in the new tissue.
Si tienes un
Pregunta,
Póngase en contacto con
Info@mecanmedical.com
{"site":{"site_id":2622,"site_type":1,"site_domain":"medical-hospital-equipment.com","domain_mode":2,"original_domain":"medical-hospital-equipment.com","language_code":"es","is_init_domain":0,"is_shop":false,"is_ssl":0,"lang_prefix":"/es","animate_name":"none","compress__ratio":"75,60,60"},"page":{"page_id":42937,"page_type":"ai_article_detail","page_code":423,"page_url":"/ai-article/knowledge-related-to-the-empty-chair.html","page_source":"","allowAnimat":0,"content_id":643,"content_type":5,"detail_thumb":"https://img.yfisher.com/1615809823398.jpg","detail_title":"Knowledge Related to the Empty Chair","moq":1},"translateList":{"A new item has been added to your Shopping Cart":"Un nuevo artículo se ha agregado a su carrito de compras.","account":"cuenta","Account Name":"Nombre de la cuenta","Account Number":"Número de cuenta","Account is not exists":"La cuenta no existe","account security":"seguridad de la cuenta","Active Commission":"Comisión activa","Add a review on the product":"Añadir una reseña sobre el producto","Add to":"añadir","Add to Cart":"Añadir al carrito","address book":"directorio","affiliate links":"enlaces de afiliados","all":"todos","All Orders":"Todas las órdenes","Already commented":"Ya comentado","Are you sure to cancel this withdrawal?":"¿Seguro que cancelará este retiro?","Are you sure to delete the selected items?":"¿Está seguro de eliminar los elementos seleccionados?","Are you sure you want to delete it?":"¿Estás seguro de que quieres borrarlo?","Awaiting Payment":"En espera de pago","Awaiting Shipment":"En espera de envío","Back":"Atrás","Bank Transfer":"Transferencia bancaria","bank address":"dirección bancaria","basic information":"información básica","Buy":"Comprar","Buy Now":"compra ahora","bank name":"Nombre del banco","city":"ciudad","Copy successful":"Copiar exitoso","Copy failed":"Copia fallida","Can Extract":"Puede extraer","Currency Type":"Tipo de cambio monetario","Cancel":"cancelar","Cancel the success":"Cancelar el éxito","Cancelled":"Cancelado","Choose a country":"Elige un país","Choose Coupon":"Elegir cupón","Choose items":"Elija artículos","Clear":"Claro","Clear Search":"Borrar búsqueda","Comment Successful!":"¡Comenta exitoso!","Comment Failed!":"¡El comentario falló!","Commission Details":"Detalles de la comisión","Commission":"Comisión","Commission Status":"Estatus de comisión","commodity payment":"pago de productos básicos","completed":"completed","Completed":"terminado","Condition not met":"Condición no se cumplió","Confirm":"Confirmar","Confirm password is inconsistent with new password":"Confirmar contraseña es inconsistente con la nueva contraseña","Congratulations":"Felicidades","Congratulations! You are got a coupon.":"¡Felicidades! Tienes un cupón.","Congratulations! You are got all coupons.":"¡Felicidades! Tienes todos los cupones.","Continue":"Seguir","Continue Shopping":"seguir comprando","Copy the code and use it directly in the shopping cart.":"Copie el código y utilícelo directamente en el carrito de compras.","Country":"país","Coupon code":"Código promocional","Coupon List":"Lista de cupones","Date":"Fecha","days after receiving":"días después de recibir","Design customization":"Personalización de diseño","Do not use any discount":"No utilice ningún descuento","Earliest":"Más temprano","Export successful":"Exportación exitosa","Export failed":"Exportación fallida","email":"Email","email format does not match":"El formato de correo electrónico no coincide","Estimated Delivery Time":"Tiempo de entrega estimado","Effective Order Count":"Recuento de pedidos efectivos","Effective Sale Amount":"Cantidad de venta efectiva","Expense":"Gastos","expired":"Caducado","export a report?":"¿Exportar un informe?","Failed to upload files.":"Failed to upload files.","FAQ":"FAQ","Find Parts":"Encontrar partes","for order over":"Para ordenar","Free":"Gratis","Free Quote & Information Request":"Solicitud gratuita de cotización e información","Free Shipping":"Envío gratis","Get":"Obtener","Get coupons":"Obtener cupones","Get discount":"Obtener descuento","Get it":"Consíguelo","Get it after logging in and use it in the shopping cart.":"Consíguelo después de iniciar sesión y usarlo en el carrito de compras.","Go to Page":"Ir a la página","Highest Price":"Precio más alto","home":"hogar","Hot Sale":"Gran venta","Income":"Ingreso","Incorrect form format":"Formato de formato incorrecto","inquiry":"consulta","join guide":"Guía de unión","Last 30 days":"Últimos 30 días","Last 7 days":"Los últimos 7 días","Links report":"Informe de enlaces","Loading":"Cargando","Lowest Price":"El precio más bajo","Match Product":"Partido del producto","Merchant Free Shipping":"Envío libre del comerciante","message":"mensaje","Most Popular":"Más popular","my account":"mi cuenta","my coupons":"Mis cupones","my inquiry":"mi consulta","my orders":"Mis ordenes","my reviews":"mis críticas","my wishlist":"mi lista de deseos","name":"nombre","New Arrival":"Nueva llegada","Newest":"El más nuevo","No Quotation":"No hay cotización","No time limit":"Sin límite de tiempo","Not deleted":"No eliminado","not valid yet":"aún no válido","Off":"Apagado","Offers and Discounts":"Ofertas y descuentos.","ok":"OK","Only DOC,DOCX,PDF,PNG,JPEG and JPG files can be uploaded":"Solo se pueden cargar los archivos DOC, DOCX, PDF, PNG, JPEG y JPG","optional":"Opcional","order notes":"pedidos","Order over":"Ordenar","order id":"Solicitar ID","order status":"Estado del pedido","order amount":"Total de la orden","Orders Report":"Informe de pedidos","Other":"Otro","Password contains at least numbers and letters length should be 6-20":"La contraseña contiene al menos números y la longitud de las letras debe ser 6-20","Password is invalid":"La contraseña no es válida","Password length should be 6-20":"La longitud de la contraseña debe ser 6-20","Paypal":"Paypal","paypal payment":"Pago de PayPal","Pending":"Pendiente","Pending Commission":"Comisión pendiente","personal info":"información personal","Please click ’click to continue’ to retry.":"Por favor, haga clic en \"Haga clic para continuar\" para volver a intentarlo.","Please contact customer service for cash withdrawal":"Póngase en contacto con el servicio al cliente para retirar en efectivo","Please enter a valid email address":"Por favor, introduce una dirección de correo electrónico válida","Please enter the verification code":"porfavor ingrese el codigo de verificacion","Please login in first":"Por favor, inicie sesión en primer lugar","Please select attribute":"Por favor seleccione el atributo","Please select country/region":"Por favor seleccione País / Región","Please select superior":"Por favor seleccione Superior","Please select the number of ratings.":"Por favor, seleccione el número de calificaciones.","Please select your country":"por favor seleccione su país","Please upload the invoice file":"Sube el archivo de factura","Processing":"Procesando","Product Name":"nombre del producto","Please fill in the delivery address before selecting the payment method":"Complete la dirección de entrega antes de seleccionar el método de pago","promotion center":"centro de promoción","Promotion Link Click Amount":"Enlace de promoción Cantidad de clics","Promoted link clicks":"Clicks de enlace promocionado","Promotion Order Count":"Recuento de pedidos de promoción","Promotion Reports":"Informes de promoción","read more":"leer más","Received commission":"Comisión recibida","Refund":"Reembolso","Refuse":"Rechazar","Region":"Región","Register Success":"Registro exitoso","Remittance":"Remesa","Reviews":"Reseñas","reports":"informes","Sale ends in":"La venta termina en","Save in wishlist":"Guardar en la lista de deseos","Search":"Búsqueda","swift code":"código SWIFT","Select how to share":"Seleccione cómo compartir","Select premium items to increase your chances of making money":"Seleccione artículos premium para aumentar sus posibilidades de ganar dinero","Share items to your channels.when other purchase a from your link, you can get commission.":"Comparta artículos a sus canales. Cuando otros compren un enlace, puede obtener la comisión.","Share Product":"Compartir productos","shipment successful":"Envío exitoso","Shipping":"Envío","Shipping Address":"Dirección de Envío","Size guide":"Guia de tallas","Small Text":"Texto pequeño","Small Title":"Título pequeño","Sort By":"Ordenar por","Sales Amount":"Cantidad de ventas","State/Province/Territory":"Estado / Provincia / Territorio","Successfully delete":"Eliminar exitosamente","Successfully save":"Guardar con éxito","Thank you for trying":"Gracias por intentarlo","The account has been deactivated, please contact customer service to activate":"La cuenta ha sido desactivada, comuníquese con el servicio al cliente para activar","the content can not be blank":"El contenido no puede estar en blanco.","The coupon code has been copied and used in the shopping cart.":"El código de cupón ha sido copiado y utilizado en el carrito de compras.","The file name cannot exceed 100 characters":"El nombre del archivo no puede exceder los 100 caracteres","The file size cannot exceed 2MB":"El tamaño del archivo no puede exceder 2MB","The number of withdrawals on the day has been capped":"El número de retiros en el día ha sido limitado","The subscription is successful, thank you for your participation":"La suscripción es exitosa, gracias por su participación.","The user center is out of service. Please contact customer service":"El centro de usuario está fuera de servicio. Por favor, póngase en contacto con el servicio al cliente","There is no amount to withdraw":"No hay monto para retirar","There is no data to export":"No hay datos para exportar","This is Text":"Esto es texto","This is title":"Este es título","This transaction has failed.":"Esta transacción ha fallado.","Time to shop":"Tiempo para comprar","Tips":"Puntas","To be commented":"Ser comentado","Total":"Total","Tutorial":"Tutorial","This Supplier/Shipping Company does not deliver to your selected Country/Region.":"Este proveedor/compañía naviera no entrega a su país/región seleccionada.","Update password success":"Actualizar el éxito de la contraseña","Upload Image":"Cargar imagen","Upload up to 6 pictures":"Sube hasta 6 imágenes","uploading":"cargar","used":"usado","user center":"centro de usuarios","Upload Invoice":"Subir factura","valid now":"Válido ahora","Validity period":"Período de validez","View Cart & Checkout":"Ver carrito","views":"puntos de vista","Valid for":"Valido para","Welcome to the website":"Bienvenido al sitio web","Western Union":"Western Union","When your buyers received and confirmed orders, you can get commission right now!":"Cuando sus compradores recibieron y confirmaron pedidos, ¡puede recibir comisión ahora mismo!","Withdrawal":"Retiro","Withdrawal success":"Éxito de retiro","Withdrawal Method":"Método de retiro","Write a Review":"Escribe una reseña","Withdrawal Amount":"Cantidad de retiro","Yes":"Sí","Yesterday":"El dia de ayer","You are clicking too fast":"Estás haciendo clic demasiado rápido","You are got a coupon.":"Tienes un cupón.","You can select a maximum of 90 days":"Puede seleccionar un máximo de 90 días","You can withdraw the commission to your Paypal account.":"Puede retirar la comisión a su cuenta de PayPal.","You haven’t chosen an address yet":"Aún no has elegido una dirección","You haven’t selected a product yet":"No has seleccionado un producto todavía","Your rating":"Tu clasificación","Your review":"Tu reseña","Your shipping address error":"Su error de dirección de envío"}}