Things You May Want to Know About Sterilizer

With the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic people have become more self-aware of what they touch on a day to day basis. Due to this, there has been an increase in the public demand to sanitize everything that they come in contact with, but using a liquid sanitizer or soap is not always a practical choice. UV light is such a thing that can be used to sanitize products, without having to worry about spoilage. Today we are going to take a look at the best UV-C light products that help you sanitize things that you touch.Germiscan is India's first UV-C LED-based handheld steriliser. The company claims that the device can kill up to 99.9 per cent of germs within six seconds. It is one of the most expensive UV light wands you can get at Rs 6,500, but also is one of the largest helping its users cover a lot more surface area at once than its competitors. It comes with extra protection features like tilt detection sensors and a safety switch, to avoid direct skin contact. The company claims that the device has a battery life of three hours on a single charge.Gizmobitz Portable UV Light Sterilizer is a foldable UV Light Sterilizer with a 5W output priced at Rs 1,599. The USP of the device is that it can be folded up and put inside your pocket. The company claims that the device can kill 99.9 per cent of the germs within seconds. Unlike other UV sterilizer wands, this one does not run on an in-built battery pack, instead, it uses four AAA batteries for convenience. It also runs on direct power, due to which, the company provides a complimentary 2,600mAh power bank along with the device.Also Read: Top five phone sanitizers to prevent the spread of COVID-19DailyObjects Wield-UV-C Pocket Sterilizer claims to kill up to 99.9 per cent within up to three minutes. The sterilizer is priced at Rs 2,199 and is available via Amazon and the company's own website. The company claims that the light has a lifespan of 5000-10000 hours and comes with unique features like tilt detection sensors. The wand sterilizer comes with a battery life of 100 minutes on a single charge.The Messy Corner UV Care Sterilizer case is priced at Rs 3,999 and is available on the company's official website. It allows for the user to place in personal belongings like rings, watches, mobile phone and more to give them a bath in UV-C light and disinfect them. Apart from the UV-C light disinfection, which kills 99.9 per cent of germs, the Messy Corner UV Care Sterilizer case comes with two add-ons: an aromatherapy chamber, in which you can add essential oil and make your objects smell good, and a wireless charger up top to charge up any of your devices.Also Read: UV lights are becoming the weapon of choice to kill the virusGodrej claims that its UV Case is based on current disinfection data and empirical evidence. Due to which it can kill more than 65 families of pathogens including SARS-CoV-1, the virus behind the COVID-19 pandemic. It states that the UV Case can kill 99 per cent viruses and germs from objects like cash, jewellery, mobile phones, masks, PPE Kits and more. It starts at Rs 8,999 and is available in three sizes 15L, 30L and 54L.Express Tech is now on Telegram. Click here to join our channel (@expresstechie) and stay updated with the latest tech newsdoes anyone know how phototherapy works for eczema patients?Phototherapy is the supervised use of ultraviolet (UV) light to treat skin conditions, including atopic dermatitis. Ultraviolet B (UVB), ultraviolet A (UVA), or a combination of UVB and UVA may be used during therapy. During phototherapy, you stand in a booth that contains light tubes that give off UV light. Goggles should be worn to protect your eyes during treatment. Men need to shield their genitals to avoid an increased risk of genital cancer. As your skin recovers from treatment, it should be checked frequently (at least once or twice a year) for signs of skin damage or skin cancer. Phototherapy with ultraviolet (UV) light can be an effective treatment for severe atopic dermatitis. Combined UVA and UVB light have a more beneficial effect than UVA or UVB light alone. UV light may help prevent bacterial infections, which are a particular problem in people with atopic dermatitis. Risks related to phototherapy include: Skin cancer and cancer. Exposure to UV light may result in skin cancer. The male genitals are highly susceptible to the cancer-causing effects of UV therapy. Skin damage. Exposure to UV light may lead to sunburn and skin damage. Cataracts. The risk of cataracts can be reduced by regular use of sunglasses that block UV light when outdoors. Other skin diseases getting worse. UVA produces fewer and milder short-term side effects than equal doses of UVB light. What To Think About UVB treatment requires little time (from seconds to minutes), while UVA treatment is more time-consuming (typically 20 minutes per treatment). A similar type of treatment, psoralen plus ultraviolet light therapy (PUVA) combines a type of medicine (psoralen) with ultraviolet A (UVA) light to treat atopic dermatitis. The psoralen makes the skin more sensitive to the ultraviolet light. This therapy has additional risks but enhances the effectiveness of UVA light.

Qualification of High Pressure High Vaccum (HPHV) Steam Sterilizer in Pharmaceuticals is done by following procedure.Remark - The vacuum leak test should be performed only when the sterilization chamber is empty, dry and at room temperature.The actual observations obtained during the vacuum leak test should be compiled in the Annexure-2 of Attachment - 1 and the rate of Vacuum drop should be calculated by using the following formula.Objective of this test is to ensure that, The pure steam supply of the High Pressure High Vacuum Steam Sterilizer does not contain non-condensable gases more than the desire level (NMT 3.5%) when measured on-line during the standard sterilization cycle.Record the observations and results in formats enclosed as AttachmentCalculate the dryness value of the steam from the following equation:Objective of this test is to ensure that the vacuum pulses applied before the sterilization hold period are sufficient to remove the entrapped air or noncondensable gases so as to facilitate rapid and even steam penetration into all parts of the load and maintaining these conditions for the specified temperature holding timeJustification for the temperature sensor location of choice- Any conduction of heat from the door which may cause temperature drop at that particular point.· Temperature spread within the range of 121.1°C to 124°C during sterilization hold period indicate that, uniform heating process which is achieved in the Loaded chamber heat penetration study is not affected by load. There could be the possibility of lag period for attaining 121.1°C during heat penetration trials as the probes are placed deep into the load any location(s) where the temperature indicator is placed, not achieving minimum sterilization temperature of 121.1°C during sterilization temperature hold period will be considered as cold spot.Justification for the temperature sensor location of choice(NOTE: The temperature sensors shall be placed in the pre determined locations with predetermined sensor numbers corresponding to the data logger channels).Justification for the temperature sensor location of choiceObjective of this test is to ensure that,· Steam condensate collected during the sterilization cycle from the sample collection port should meet the requirements for Water for Injection USP.Justification for the temperature sensor location of choiceCompile the data generated during the qualification test for complete evaluation of the system.There should be uniform penetration of heat in the load subjected for sterilization during the sterilization hold period and the temperature at each temperature mapping probe should be within the range of 121.1°C to 124°C during the complete sterilization hold period.Justification for the temperature sensor location of choiceThere should be uniform penetration of heat in the load subjected for sterilization during the sterilization hold period and the temperature at each temperature mapping probe should be within the range of 121.1°C to 124°C during the complete sterilization hold period.· Steam condensate collected during the sterilization cycle from the sample collection port should meet the requirements for Water for Injection USP.Justification for the temperature sensor location of choiceSpores as temperature is changed (10°C or mentioned in COA).The biological F0 value for biological indicator strip exposed during the sterilization can be calculated as follows.Smoke from engine after transmission service?possible tranny fluid being forced under pressure is spraying out somewhere, it may be hitting the exhaust pipe or manifold (my guess is one of the lines may not be tightened correctly after they flushed the tranny, so go back, tell them you saw a whitish cloud (that's what tranny fluid looks like when sprayed under high pressure, this may just be something simple, so go and have the shop check the lines they loosened underneath the car, or check them yourselfTroubleshooting HVAC/R systems using refrigerant superheat and subcooling from MasterflexIntroduction The refrigeration cycle Superheat and its measurement Subcooling and its measurement Trouble diagnosis Using superheat to troubleshoot Using subcooling to troublesoot Principles of the refrigeration cycle and troubleshooting summary Introduction Troubleshooting and servicing refrigeration and air conditioning systems can be a challenging process for both the entry level and experienced HVAC/R technician. Regardless of your experience, size of the equipment, or location, to troubleshoot the system it is essential that you have a solid understanding of the fundamentals of refrigeration- including the principles of superheat and subcooling. You also need to have the right tools and know-how to apply these principles to use the tool quickly and efficiently. Troubleshooting techniques often require simultaneous knowledge of temperature, pressure, voltage, and current values in a system, which means that a single-function meter wo not permit a complete analysis of the system. Frequently, multiple tools are required. This application note provides information on troubleshooting the refrigeration system while applying the principles of superheat and subcooling to HVAC/R equipment. It will also teach you the proper methods to tackle some typical troubleshooting tasks using thermometers, digital multimeters, pressure/vacuum modules, and HVAC/R accessories. Basic refrigeration principles are provided solely to illustrate how digital thermometers, multimeters, and accessories can make servicing and maintaining HVAC/R systems straightforward, fast, and accurate. The refrigeration cycle Based on the principle that heat flows naturally from warmer areas to cooler areas, the refrigeration cycle consists of seven stages: A basic vapor compression refrigeration system consists of four primary components: a metering device (e.g. a capillary tube, fixed orifice/piston, or a thermostatic expansion valve), evaporator, compressor, and condenser. Figure 1. The refrigeration system. In a typical refrigeration system, the compressor sends hot gas to the condenser. Then the condensed liquid passes through an expansion valve into the evaporator where it evaporates and collects heat from the area to be cooled. The gaseous refrigerant then enters the compressor where the compression process raises the pressure and temperature. From the compressor, the refrigerant is routed back to the condenser and the cycle repeats. (See Figure 1.) Compression energy elevates the vapor pressure to a boiling point that is below the condensing mediums' temperature. In other words, the compressor elevates the boiling point of the refrigerant to a point at which the air (or water) moving across the condenser is low enough to condense the refrigerant to a liquid. Additional passes in the condenser coil cool the liquid refrigerant below its boiling point to ensure it remains a liquid as it experiences pressure drop in its journey to the evaporator. This cooling below the boiling point is called subcooling. A metering device at the evaporator inlet acts as a "dam" to restrict flow and drop the refrigerant pressure to a new lower boiling point. This new boiling point is below the evaporator medium (air or water) temperature so that the air or water across the evaporator will cause the refrigerant to boil. After all of the refrigerant in the evaporator has boiled to a vapor, the vapor will pick up additional heat through extra passes in the evaporator. The amount of vapor temperature increase above the boiling temperature is called superheat. The compressor reduces the gas to a high pressure while simultaneously raising the temperature of the gas. The hot gas is then delivered to the condenser where it is cooled, dissipating the heat and steadily converting the gas back to a liquid state. ( Note: Liquid receivers are not typically used on refrigeration systems, which commonly rely on capillary tubes or fixed metering devices.) When the liquid under high pressure reaches the metering device, the cycle starts over. While servicing most refrigeration systems, the technician will measure the temperature and pressure to determine system performance. Close monitoring of temperature and pressure to verify proper control and operation can ensure longer system life and reduce energy consumption. Often, measuring temperatures or pressures at key points in a system can pinpoint trouble spots. Examples of such measurements follow. Superheat and its measurement In the system's evaporator, conversion of liquid to vapor involves adding heat to the liquid at its boiling temperature, commonly referred to as the saturation temperature. After all of the refrigerant has boiled to a vapor, any additional temperature increase above the boiling point is called superheat. Finding suction line superheat requires finding the suction pressure and two temperatures-the evaporator boiling temperature at a given pressure and the temperature of the refrigerant at the outlet of the evaporator on the suction line, commonly referred to as the superheat temperature/ pressure method. On newer refrigerant blends, the temperature changes during the boiling or saturation phase. This is referred to as glide. Modern refrigerants with a temperature glide of 10 F (5 C) or higher use dew point (DP) temperature. This is the temperature of the refrigerant when the last of the liquid has boiled into a vapor. Any vapor temperature increase above the dewpoint temperature is called superheat. (See Figure 2.) The best method to determine superheat using Fluke products is to use the 80PK-8 Pipe Clamp Temperature Probe and a PV350 Pressure/Vacuum Module in conjunction with a suitable Fluke digital multimeter with type K thermocouple measurement and a mV input. The pipe clamp allows pipe temperature measurements to be made more quickly and accurately because it clamps directly to the pipe without the need to add insulation or tape, as in the case of a bead thermocouple. The pressure/vacuum module allows accurate and quick pressure measurements. When measuring for superheat, remember to allow the system to run long enough for temperatures and pressures to stabilize while verifying normal airflow cross the evaporator. Using the pipe clamp or a hook-and-loop pipe probe, find the suction line temperature by attaching the probe around a bare section of the pipe, at the outlet of the evaporator. Pipe temperature can be read at the inlet of the compressor on the suction line if the pipe is less than 15' from the evaporator and there is a minimum pressure drop between the two points. (See Figure 3.) Best results are obtained when the pipe is free of oxides or other foreign material. Next, attach the pressure/vacuum module to the suction line service valve (or refrigerant service port on your manifold gauge set). Make a note of the pipe temperature and pressure. This pressure reading will be that of the boiling refrigerant inside the evaporator, assuming no abnormal restrictions exist within the suction line. Using this pressure value, find the evaporator (or dewpoint) boiling temperature from a PT chart for the refrigerant type being used. (See Figure 4, below; all pressures shown are in PSIG; Red Print Vacuum (inches of Mercury)) Subtract the boiling/ dewpoint temperature from the suction line temperature to find the superheat. The suction line temperature may also be taken by attaching a bead thermocouple to the suction line. Be careful to insulate the thermocouple and use heatconducting compound to minimize errors due to heat loss to ambient air. Subcooling and its measurement In the system's condenser, conversion of vapor to liquid involves removing heat from the refrigerant at its saturation condensing temperature. Any additional temperature decrease is called subcooling. Finding liquid line subcooling requires determining the condensing pressure and two temperatures- the condensing temperature at the measured condensing pressure and the temperature of the refrigerant at the outlet of the condenser on the liquid line. The liquid line temperature involves measuring the surface temperature of the pipe at the outlet of the condenser. (See Figure 5.) ( Note: Condensing temperature is derived from using the PT chart. On new refrigerant blends with high temperature glide, this is called the bubble point (BP) temperature. See Figure 2.) To measure subcooling with a pipe clamp, or a hook-and-loop pipe probe, allow the system to run long enough for temperatures and pressures to stabilize. Verify normal airflow and then find the liquid line temperature by clamping the pipe clamp around the liquid line. Attach the pressure/ vacuum module to a service port on the liquid line (or discharge line at the compressor if a liquid line service valve port is not available). Make a note of the liquid line temperature and pressure. Convert the liquid line pressure to temperature using a PT chart for the refrigerant type being used. The difference of the two temperatures is the subcooling value. Trouble diagnosis Data from superheat and subcooling measurements can be useful for determining various conditions within the HVAC/R system, including the amount of refrigerant charge and verifying the operating condition of the metering device. These measurements can also be used to determine the efficiency of the condenser, evaporator, and compressor. Before making conclusions from the measured data, it is important to check external conditions that influence system performance. In particular, you should inspect and verify the proper air flow in cubic feet per minute (CFM) across coil surfaces and line voltage to the compressor motor and associated electrical loads. Remember to look for obvious problems at the coil surfaces such as dirty air filters upstream of the evaporator, or leaves and outside debris restricting airflow on the condenser. Using superheat to troubleshoot The superheat value can indicate various system problems including a clogged filter drier, undercharge, overcharge, faulty metering device, restricted airflow, or improper fan motor or blower direction. Suction line superheat is a good place to start diagnosis because a low reading suggests that liquid refrigerant may be reaching the compressor. In normal operation, the refrigerant entering the compressor is sufficiently superheated above the evaporator boiling temperature to ensure the compressor draws only vapor and no liquid refrigerant. On traditional HVAC/R systems, which utilize mechanical metering devices such as a TXV or cap tube, the superheat heating will vary between 8 F to 20 F. On newer systems, which use electronic expansion valves and solid state controllers, it is possible to see the superheat setting as low as 5 F to 10 F. A low or zero superheat reading indicates that the refrigerant did not pick up enough heat in the evaporator to completely boil into a vapor. Liquid refrigerant drawn into the compressor typically causes slugging, which can damage the compressor valves and/or internal mechanical components. Additionally, liquid refrigerant in the compressor, when mixed with oil, reduces lubrication and increases wear, causing premature failure. On the other hand, if the superheat reading is excessive-above 20 F to 30 F-it indicates that the refrigerant has picked up more heat than normal, or that the evaporator is being starved of refrigerant. Possible causes of this condition include a metering device that is underfeeding, improperly adjusted, or simply broken. Additional problems with high superheat could indicate a system undercharge, a refrigerant restriction, moisture in the system, a blocked filter drier, or excessive evaporator heat loads. Using subcooling to troubleshoot An improper subcooling value can indicate various system problems including overcharge, undercharge, liquid line restriction, or insufficient condenser airflow (or water flow when using water-cooled condensers). The refrigerant is typically subcooled between 10 F to 20 F at the outlet of the condenser, however, some modern equipment may have subcooling values as low as 4 degrees in order to meet minimum efficiency standards. For example, a very low reading between zero to 10 F subcooling indicates that the refrigerant did not lose the normal amount of heat in its travel through the condenser. Possible causes for this condition include insufficient airflow over the condenser, metering device problems such as overfeeding, misadjustment, or being stuck too far open, or the system may be undercharged. Often times, the problem is simply that the condenser coil surface needs to be cleaned thoroughly to eliminate airflow restriction. Excessive subcooling means the refrigerant was cooled more than normal. Possible explanations include an overcharged system, a restriction in the metering device, misadjusted (underfeeding), or faulty head pressure control during low ambient conditions. Principles of the refrigeration cycle and troubleshooting summary The next time you are called upon to service or maintain any HVAC/R equipment, remember to be patient and apply the principles you have learned in this application note. Check the superheat and subcooling at the unit. Be sure to do a visual inspection of the equipment to verify that all coil surfaces are clean and that fans are running in the right direction. You need to have the right tools and know-how to apply these principles to use the tool as it was designed. Fluke thermometers, digital multimeters, pressure/ vacuum modules, and Fluke HVAC/R accessories will help you solve the problem and repair the equipment correctly the first time.

Newswise - The magical ultraviolet C (UVC) sterilizing devices are proven to kill 99.99% of germs, but may pose a risk of skin cancer and cataracts, Chula professors cautioned consumers to use them carefully and by being fully informed.Humans have been known to use sunlight or UV rays to kill germs for centuries. This cultural heritage has been passed on to modern times. Scientists have expanded the use of high-energy UVC to public health applications i.e. successfully eliminate the bacteria that caused heavy outbreaks of SARS and MERS in the past."Most recently, during the COVID-19 pandemic, the "New Normal" lifestyle which requires close attention to personal hygiene and sanitation to avoid infectious diseases has made UVC increasingly important. Portable UVC devices are now available for consumers to buy in order to kill germs in the air, water, food, money, coins, banknotes, masks, etc.", said Dr. Thitithip Tippayamontri, Department of Radiological Technology and Medical Physics, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University in cautioning the public about the use of UVC.Dr. Thitithip Tippayamontri, Department of Radiological Technology and Medical Physics, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn UniversityUVC devices have been used in hospitals and industries to disinfect food and ventilation systems. Lately, the devices have started to be used in everyday life, the use of which may sometimes be taken for granted, e.g. to sterilize cutleries in cafeterias or banknotes. As the COVID-19 pandemic is still looming, sterilization devices have become hot items on everybody's list. As a result, an increasing number of UVC devices are being produced and scaled down to fit domestic use so that people can own them, such as a UVC sterilizer box that can be used in households with toddlers, ailing people, people with allergies, or those who need extra clean surroundings. There are also portable UVC LED sterilizing wands that people can carry around with them to kill airborne germs, germs in food, banknotes, and other items.Where does UVC come from?There are several types of both visible and invisible UV rays of various shades and intensity. UVA with a wavelength between 315-400 nanometers covers most areas of the atmosphere. UVB has a wavelength between 280-315 nanometers, while UVC with the shortest wavelength between 100-280 nanometers gives out the most energy and can powerfully annihilate particles and kill 99.99% of germs. UVC cannot penetrate through the atmosphere and get absorbed by the ozone layer.Therefore, the UV rays that we use for sterilization are synthesized by using the familiar blue, UV light bulbs.Through the Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation (UVGI) process, the blue UV light shines the UVC rays on objects suspected to have germs. The energy of the rays will penetrate through to the germs' DNA and RNA, destroy them, stop them from multiplying and die eventually.The Benefits of UVC devices compared to other means of sterilizationThe benefits of irradiation are that it does not take long, can be used as often as desired, is inexpensive, easy to use, and will not ruin the objects' surface, or leave any residuals making this method better than using alcohol, or disinfectant. Moreover, using it on face masks will not destroy the masks' fiber which makes it ideal for sanitizing things needed to be reused.Cautions about the use of irradiation devicesSince this type of irradiation device releases such highly destructive energy, its usage requires extreme caution not to let the radiation touch the skin because of the danger it poses that can cause cancer. Also, do not stare at the rays because it is harmful to the eyes, and can cause cataracts. Using UVGI devices requires proper protection against radiation exposure.Portable UVGI devices are not recommended at this time because they need to be kept under proper cover to prevent adverse effects. There may be better designs for portability in the future.The areas suitable for UVGI devices are public areas that house large crowds for a long duration such as hospitals, classrooms, cinemas, auditoriums, sky trains, public restrooms, offices, pantries, or cafeterias. UVC lights can be installed in the HVAC system, for instance.How to choose appropriate and safe UVGI devicesUVGI releases the radiation like in the oven, so if it is to be used in a room, dimensions should be considered to calculate the right wattage. The room should have ample space and with no blind spots from corners or obstructing objects to ensure effective irradiation. Moreover, make sure to choose the brands that have passed trustworthy product standards, e.g. CE, RoHS to ensure that they can kill 99.9% of the germs.What are the things I should keep in mind if I'm attending UVCE as a fresher?Here are some advices :Keep the teachers close but your attenders closer.Pigeons never forget and they have gangs. Never mistreat them. I did a mistake and they have never forgotten to poop on my head and bike over the 4 years.Be nice with the security guards and attenders. They know more about the college than you.The canteen might be one of the worst but the person inside is one of the best you will ever meet.Always look at the roof before sitting somewhere. If you are having classes at LC do not sit next to the window. (Especially if people are playing cricket)The amphitheatre is a football court, cricket ground, dance floor, park, restaurant, etc.Explore KR Market, National Market, Avenue road, Sp road, etcAlways remember you are sitting right at the centre of the city. Vidhan soudha, Cubbon park, UB City might be a common sight for you but there are thousands of people who come all around the world to see these places .Worried about the canteen? There are 11 other canteens within 150m circle

Bottle sterilizers can provide an extra degree of sterilization for your baby's bottles beyond what you can get with soap and hot water. Weekly bottle sterilization is recommended for babies under the age of 1. Electric sterilizers are efficient, easy to use, and often perform other functions, like drying, deodorizing, and warming your bottles. Microwave sterilizers work very fast and do not require outlets or counter space. Cold water sterilizers are great if you are traveling or do not have access to electricity. Choose the type of sterilizer you want, and learn how to operate it correctly.(PDF) Evaluation of Dimensional Changes of 3D Printed Models After Sterilization: A Pilot StudyAvailable via license: CC BY 4.0 Content may be subject to copyright. Evaluation of Dimensional Changes of 3D Printed Models After OMFS IMPATH research group, Department of Imaging & Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven & Oral and To assess the effect of two of the most commonly used sterilization techniques on 3D printed clinical objects. The two sterilization methods used in our hospital and investigated in this paper are: Steam heat and Gas plasma. Three objects were printed and tested in this study: a tooth replica, an orthognathic final splint, a surgical cutting guide for the purpose of mandible reconstruction. For each of the 3 objects, 4 copies were made: one original STL object, one copy of the object pre-sterilization, one copy of post-steam heat sterilization, and one copy of post-gas plasma sterilization. Each printed object was scanned using a high resolution CBCT protocol and the compared (morphologically and volumetrically). At the level of volumetric changes, no difference was found between pre and post-sterilization for both methods evaluated. As for the morphological changes, only differences were noticed with the orthognathic splint object indicating deformation of the printed splints after sterilization. Larger differences were observed with heat sterilization, making it less reliable. Sterilization of dental objects to be used in a clinical setting may lead to deformation of the printed model, especially for heat sterilization. Further investigations are needed to confirm these findings. Additive manufacturing, rapid prototyping or three-dimensional (3D) printing is a growing technology which is changing the manufacturing industry . The most common techniques are Stereolithography (SLA), Selective Laser (LOM). Recent developments in medical imaging along with the developments in Computer Aided Design/Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAD/CAM) allowed the fast rise of 3D printing in medicine. Applications of 3D printing in the medical field vary from treatment planning, surgical guides, teaching models, educational tools to printing scaffolds for tissue engineering and direct printing of tissues and organs . The fields of * Address correspondence to this author at The OMFS IMPATH research group, Department of Imaging & Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, KU Evaluation of Dimensional Changes of 3D Printed Models The Open Dentistry Journal, 2018, Volume 12 dentistry and maxillofacial surgery are also benefiting from 3D printing used in orthognathic surgery, implantology, These various clinical applications made the sterilization of the printed prototypes mandatory for their use intraoperatively. Methods used for instrument sterilization in surgical care should be reliable, practical and safe for the instruments. The main two categories are sterilization with heat and sterilization with gas . The topic of sterilization of 3D printed objects for the purpose of use in the operation theatre is barely addressed , while sterilization of titanium in dental implants have been investigated . The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of two of the most commonly used sterilization techniques on 3D The two sterilization methods used in our hospital and investigated in this paper were: Steam heat and Gas plasma. Steam heat also known as autoclave is a device used to sterilize equipment by subjecting them to high pressure saturated steam at 121C (or higher) for around 15-20 minutes depending on the size of the load and the contents. For this study, the temperature was set to 134C and the total duration of the cycle (including heating and cooling down) Sterilization with gas. Specific gases exert a lethal action on bacteria which destroys enzymes and other vital biomechanical structures. For sterilization, Ethylene Oxide (EtO) is the most commonly used but is highly flammable, needs special equipment and has a lengthy procedure to reduce tissue toxicity . On the other hand, gas plasma sterilization is recommended to materials sensitive to temperature, humidity and which do not comply for EtO sterilization can be sterilized using gas plasma (vaporized hydrogen peroxide, VHP). It is a relatively new option that can provide low heat sterility cycles with none of the off-gassing concerns present with EtO. For this study, the temperature was set to 55C and the total cycle duration was 50 minutes. Three objects were printed and tested in this study: An orthognathic final splint representing the procedure of orthognathic surgery as described by Shaheen A surgical cutting guide for the purpose of mandible reconstruction . Each object was selected to cover the different applications in oral and maxillofacial surgeries and was provided in Stereolithography (STL) format. Each object was printed twice in biocompatible material as it is the case in clinical practice using the PolyJet technology of Objet Connex 350 (Stratasys, Eden Prairie, MN USA) with layer thickness of 30m. PolyJet 3D printing works similarly to inkjet printing, but instead of jetting drops of ink onto paper, PolyJet 3D printers jet layers of curable liquid photopolymer onto a build tray which are instantly cured with ultra violet light. Fine layers accumulate on the build tray to create one or several 3D models or parts . Fig. ( ) shows the original objects Each copy was scanned with a Cone Beam Computer Tomography (CBCT) using a high resolution protocol intended for objects and not for patients with the following acquisition settings; system: Planmeca Promax 3D Max, Fig. (1). The original objects in STL format: Orthognathic splint, surgical guide and TAT. One copy of each object was sterilized using autoclave and the other copy of each object was sterilized using gas plasma. After sterilization, each object was scanned using the same CBCT protocol as pre-sterilization, forming 3 groups: TAT group, splint group and surgical guide group. Within each group, there are 4 copies: the original STL object, one pre-sterilization, one post-sterilization heat and one post-sterilization gas. Evaluation of Dimensional Changes of 3D Printed Models The Open Dentistry Journal, 2018, Volume 12 The DICOM (Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine) images of each scan were exported from the CBCT and imported into Mimics Medical 19.0 (Materialise, Leuven, Belgium). The same threshold value was used to standardize the segmentation procedure for all objects to construct 3D objects which were exported from the software as STL files. These files were then imported into the 3-matic 11.0 software (Materialise, Leuven, Belgium) for further For each group, the pre-sterilization object was registered to the original object (STL used for printing) using surface based registration. Then each post-sterilization copy was registered to the registered pre-sterilization object. Fig. ( ) shows the example of TAT group. Fig. (3). The TAT group: original STL, pre-sterilization, post-sterilization heat, post-sterilization gas and all objects registered to the We report on the volume of each object, but for more accurate morphological assessment, part comparison analysis was used. The part comparison analysis is also known as color distance map where the distance is calculated at each point on the surface of an object and the corresponding point at the surface of another object. The mean, standard deviation and Root Mean Square (R,M,S) were reported between the following: Pre-sterilization and the original object: to assess the deviation of the printing and scanning procedures from the Post-sterilization heat and the pre-sterilization object: to assess the deviations resulting from the autoclave Post-sterilization gas and the pre-sterilization object: to assess the deviations resulting from the gas plasma Table shows the results of the volume per group and the percentage change ( indicates an increase and indicates a decrease in volume). For the accuracy test of the printing and the scanning procedures, the percentage change was between 0% to 1.8% increase in volume indicating a high accurate procedure. As for the accuracy of the heat sterilization, the percentage change in volume ranged from -0.6% to 1.5%. For the gas sterilization, the volume percent change ranged from 0.6% to 0.9% indicating that for both methods no significant change was reported. Table 1. Results of the volumetric assessment for the TAT, splint and the surgical guide groups. Table shows the results of the part comparison analysis. The differences reported were all below 0.1mm. The results of the splint group was not reported due to the failure of complete registration of both post-sterilized objects to the pre-sterilized one as shown in Fig. ( ). Therefore, the registration was repeated and based on the middle part of the splint instead of a global surface registration to allow the assessment of deformation at the side parts. Table 2. Results of the morphological assessment for the TAT and the surgical guide groups. Fig. (4). The outcome of the registration per group. Evaluation of Dimensional Changes of 3D Printed Models The Open Dentistry Journal, 2018, Volume 12 In order to assess the changes occurred post-sterilization for the splint object, another method was used as shown in Fig. ( ). A curve was drawn on the pre-sterilized splint and 7 landmarks (points) were indicated. The same landmarks were indicated on the corresponding positions once on the post-sterilization heat splint and another on the post- sterilization gas splint. The distances error were measured and presented in Table . Table 3. The distances between the 7 landmarks on post-sterilized heat and gas splints to the original curve respectively. Fig. (5). A curve drawn on the pre-sterilized splint and 7 landmarks (points) indicated. In this study, we evaluated the effect of sterilization methods used in our hospital set-up on 3D printed surgical objects. The two most commonly used sterilization techniques are steam heat (autoclave) and gas plasma which were investigated in this paper. Whether the sterilization has an effect on 3D printed object or not is a topic not really addressed. Surgical guides especially in the field of oral and maxillofacial surgery are extensively used due to the presence of several CAD/CAM tools and low cost 3D printers. In this paper, we focused on the PolyJet technology with the Objet Connex 3D printer (the biocompatible material) since it has higher accuracy when compared to other technologies and has been evaluated for biocompatibility in accordance with the industrial standard. The results in this study showed that the percentage changes in volumes are negligible and were up to 1.5% increase in volume. As for the morphological assessment, the deformity of the objects after sterilization was also minor for the TAT and the surgical guide with a maximum mean error of 0.014mm. Although the volume changes for the splint objects after both the heat and gas sterilization was negligible, but the registration procedure failed due to the noticeable deformity in the objects after sterilization as shown in Fig. ( ). Such deformities made the splints unusable and inaccurate for the operation. Further investigations showed that the curvature of the splints was decreased compared to the pre-sterilization situation with larger differences at the borders (points 1 and 7) with heat sterilization compared to gas sterilization (Table ). The heat sterilization had a maximum difference of 1.7mm while the gas sterilization had a These findings indicate the necessity of further investigations on the effect of sterilization especially the heat on different 3D printing technologies and materials used as surgical guides. Furthermore, these findings are yet to be confirmed since they are not conclusive due to the small sample size, therefore, for future work we would like to enlarge the sample size and include different printing technologies with complex shapes and sizes. The effect of heat and gas plasma sterilization on 3D printed surgical objects with biocompatible photopolymer material was investigated. At the level of volumetric changes, no difference was found between pre and post- sterilization for both methods evaluated. As for the morphological changes, only differences were noticed with the orthognathic splint object indicating deformity of the splints after sterilization. Larger differences were observed with the heat sterilization, making it less reliable. Further investigations are needed to confirm these findings. No human or animal were used in this study. The authors declare no conflict of interest, financial or otherwise. Marro A, Bandukwala T, Mak W. Three-dimensional printing and medical imaging: A review of the methods and applications. Curr Probl Mehra P, Miner J, D'Innocenzo R, Nadershah M. Use of 3-d stereolithographic models in oral and maxillofacial surgery. J Maxillofac Oral Vezeau PJ, Koorbusch GF, Draughn RA, Keller JC. Effects of multiple sterilization on surface characteristics and biologic responses Khalil W, EzEldeen M, Van De Casteele E, Validation of cone beam computed tomography-based tooth printing using different three- Evaluation of Dimensional Changes of 3D Printed Models The Open Dentistry Journal, 2018, Volume 12 Shaheen E, Sun Y, Jacobs R, Politis C. Three-dimensional printed final occlusal splint for orthognathic surgery: Design and validation. This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Caring for your autoclave is very important and can be easily overlooked. We often see this step neglected which can cause high and frequent repair costs. A lack of maintenance will also lead to deterioration and excessive wear of the contents being sterilized. Let's go over a few points to make caring for your autoclave or steam sterilizer easier for you.1) It is very important that the contents being sterilized are clean and free from debris, blood and organic tissue. Otherwise the instruments or sterilizer may become damaged. We strongly recommend using an ultrasonic cleaner such as the DuraSonic to help with the cleaning process.2) Inspect the door gasket for excessive wear or cracking. The gasket and mating surface should be cleaned with a mild detergent such as Spray Nine or Fantastik using a cloth or sponge.3) When running a sterilization cycle it is very important to not overload the sterilizer trays because it will cause inadequate sterilization and drying.4) Always be sure to use a Class 5 Chemical Integrator Test Strip with every cycle for immediate reassurance that the correct parameters have been met to achieve sterilization.1) Keeping your autoclave clean is one of the most important points. Be sure to clean the trays and rack with a Non-Scratch Scour Pad using a mild non-abrasive detergent such as Bon Ami . Always rinse the instrument well and be sure to NOT USE steel wool, wire brush, or bleach.2) Completely drain the water from the reservoir and replenish with fresh distilled water.3) It is strongly recommended to perform a biological live spore test weekly or at least monthly to ensure sterilization.1) Clean the chamber and flush lines using the recommended autoclave cleaner following the cleaner's instructions. Normally you will need 2 gallons of distilled water to complete this job.2) Inspect the cord and plug for overheating and excessive wear-this could be a fire hazard. If this is the case, the power cord should be replaced. Some power cords are quick disconnect and easily replaced. If not, the replacement will need to be done by a certified repair company.On a yearly basis you should have your autoclave inspected, cleaned thoroughly, tested and calibrated. This is typically referred to as a PM or Preventative Maintenance Service. This service would normally include the replacement of wear & tear parts such as gaskets, seals and filters. This will ensure your sterilizer is running properly and remaining in good working order. If your autoclave is used very heavily we would recommend this service bi-annually.Our certified technicians at Duraline Systems can perform this preventative maintenance in the shop or on-site depending on your location. Read More about Autoclave Service with Duraline Systems or call toll free 1-877-561-0500 to speak with a certified autoclave technician today. We work with all major brands Tuttnauer, Midmark Ritter, Scican Statim, Pelton and Crane, Cox, CPAC, Sterident, Dentronix and more. Duraline even offers emergency loaners.Without a doubt, following these guidelines will extend the life of your autoclave and instruments. You can also refer to your operator's manual for more details. For your convenience, we can provide you with a free "caring for your autoclave" poster that you can keep nearby for easy reference!how to sterilize piercing tools?you are courting an infection.... but aside from that - you have to boil them and wipe them down with alcohol. wear glovesWhat's the best way to sterilize body jewelry.?this is goingto sound weird but on the jewlery itself uses saline slaution right after u put it in rubbing ahclHow do I sterilize an apple tree?I understand where you are coming from. I've had some real trouble with trying to make my peanut plants housebroken. Eventually I found that it was my own urine, so I had nothing to worry about. But what I recommend is that you either show some videos to your tree, or more preferably, play a tape discussing the subject of abstinence. Another method is one I have listed below, where you could get a condom for your tree. If he simply must have sex, it is better safe than sorry.Do computer parts cause sterility?There are a lot of precious and rare materials inside computers, so it may be possible

An Introduction to sterilizerSchlegelberger was born into a Protestant salesman's family in Knigsberg. He graduated from the University of Knigsberg or according to documents from his trial the University of Leipzig in 1899 attaining the degree of Doctor of Law. In 1901 Schlegelberger passed the state law examination and became a court Assessor at the Knigsberg local court. In 1904 he became a judge at the State Court in Lyck (now Ek). In early May 1908, he went to the Berlin State Court and in the same year was appointed assistant judge at the Berlin Court of Appeals (Kammergericht). In 1914 he was appointed to the Kammergericht Council (Kammergerichtsrat) in Berlin, where he stayed until 1918.On 1 April 1918 Schlegelberger became an associate at the Reich Justice Office. On 1 October of that year, he was appointed to the Secret Government Court and Executive Council. In 1927, he was appointed as Ministerial Director in the RMJ. Schlegelberger had been teaching in the Faculty of Law at the University of Berlin as an honorary professor since 1922. On 10 October 1931 Schlegelberger was appointed State Secretary in the Reich Ministry of Justice under Justice Minister Franz Grtner and kept this job until Grtner's death in 1941. On 30 January 1938 Schlegelberger joined the Nazi Party on Adolf Hitler's orders.In the Nazi Party of sterilizerAmong Schlegelberger's many works in this time was a bill for the introduction of a new national currency which was supposed to end the hyperinflation to which the Reichsmark was prone. After Franz Grtner's death in 1941, Schlegelberger became provisional Reich Minister of Justice for the years 1941 and 1942, followed then by Otto Thierack. During his time in office the number of death sentences rose sharply. He authored the bills such as the so-called Poland Penal Law Provision (Polenstrafrechtsverordnung) under which Poles were executed for tearing down German posters. Schlegelberger's attitude towards his job may be best encapsulated in a letter to Reich Minister and Chief of the Reich Chancellery Hans Heinrich Lammers:Dear Reich Minister Dr. Lammers,Upon the Fhrer-order of 24 October 1941 forwarded to me through Mr. State Minister and Chief of the Fhrer's and Reich Chancellor's Presidial Chancellery, I have handed the Jew Markus Luftglass, sentenced to 2 years in prison by the Special Court in Katowice, over to the Gestapo for execution.Heil Hitler!Yourmost obedient SchlegelbergerHowever, in a letter to Hans Heinrich Lammers dated 5 April 1942, Schlegelberger suggested some half-Jews be "spared" and given the choice between "evacuation" or sterilization:The measures for the final solution of the Jewish question should extend only to full Jews and descendants of mixed marriages of the first degree, but should not apply to descendants of mixed marriages of the second degree.With regard to the treatment of Jewish descendants of mixed marriages of the first degree, I agree with the conception of the Reich Minister of the Interior which he expressed in his letter of 16 February 1942, to the effect that the prevention of propagation of these descendants of mixed marriages is to be preferred to their being thrown in with the Jews and evacuated. It follows therefrom that the evacuation of those half-Jews who are no more capable of propagation is obviated from the beginning. There is no national interest in dissolving the marriage between such half-Jews and a full-blooded German.Those half-Jews who are capable of propagation should be given the choice to submit to sterilization or to be evacuated in the same manner as Jews.Upon his retirement from the position on 20 August 1942, Hitler gave Schlegelberger an endowment of RM 100,000; in 1944, Hitler allowed him to buy an estate with the money, something that only agricultural experts were entitled to under the rules in force at the time. This would later weigh against him at Nuremberg, for it showed that Hitler thought highly of Schlegelberger.In the Nazi Party of sterilizerAmong Schlegelberger's many works in this time was a bill for the introduction of a new national currency which was supposed to end the hyperinflation to which the Reichsmark was prone. After Franz Grtner's death in 1941, Schlegelberger became provisional Reich Minister of Justice for the years 1941 and 1942, followed then by Otto Thierack. During his time in office the number of death sentences rose sharply. He authored the bills such as the so-called Poland Penal Law Provision (Polenstrafrechtsverordnung) under which Poles were executed for tearing down German posters. Schlegelberger's attitude towards his job may be best encapsulated in a letter to Reich Minister and Chief of the Reich Chancellery Hans Heinrich Lammers:Dear Reich Minister Dr. Lammers,Upon the Fhrer-order of 24 October 1941 forwarded to me through Mr. State Minister and Chief of the Fhrer's and Reich Chancellor's Presidial Chancellery, I have handed the Jew Markus Luftglass, sentenced to 2 years in prison by the Special Court in Katowice, over to the Gestapo for execution.Heil Hitler!Yourmost obedient SchlegelbergerHowever, in a letter to Hans Heinrich Lammers dated 5 April 1942, Schlegelberger suggested some half-Jews be "spared" and given the choice between "evacuation" or sterilization:The measures for the final solution of the Jewish question should extend only to full Jews and descendants of mixed marriages of the first degree, but should not apply to descendants of mixed marriages of the second degree.With regard to the treatment of Jewish descendants of mixed marriages of the first degree, I agree with the conception of the Reich Minister of the Interior which he expressed in his letter of 16 February 1942, to the effect that the prevention of propagation of these descendants of mixed marriages is to be preferred to their being thrown in with the Jews and evacuated. It follows therefrom that the evacuation of those half-Jews who are no more capable of propagation is obviated from the beginning. There is no national interest in dissolving the marriage between such half-Jews and a full-blooded German.Those half-Jews who are capable of propagation should be given the choice to submit to sterilization or to be evacuated in the same manner as Jews.Upon his retirement from the position on 20 August 1942, Hitler gave Schlegelberger an endowment of RM 100,000; in 1944, Hitler allowed him to buy an estate with the money, something that only agricultural experts were entitled to under the rules in force at the time. This would later weigh against him at Nuremberg, for it showed that Hitler thought highly of Schlegelberger.

For thirty years I have been designing and constructing waterfalls and ponds the professional way, using 3500 psi concrete reinforced with rebar and coated with an industrial grade concrete sealer. With over 2,000 projects to date, not one has cracked or leaked. Approximately fifteen years ago, Greg Whitstock of Aquascape Company decided to capitalize on the use of rubber sheeting, a material used to cover flat roofs. He changed the name of "roof liner" to "pond liner" and built a pond in his back yard. He tells the story that he had a cement pond that continually cracked and leaked, so he pulled it out and replaced the cement with this rubber material. To this day, he instructs his dealers and contractors to tell their prospective clients that concrete ponds crack and leak and cost more to build, and that liner ponds are warranted for twenty to thirty years. Sometimes telling a half truth is the same as telling a lie. I have ripped out many defective concrete ponds and replaced them with properly installed concrete, constructed with rebar, not with rubber liners as Aquascape does. Why? Because the concrete ponds I replaced were poorly constructed, which is why they cracked. Some were made with mortar mix and chicken wire, or concrete without reinforcement or concrete that contained "cold joints" from pouring the concrete over a period of several days. Plus, some were made with improper proportions of cement and gravel. If 3500 psi concrete is used with stealth fiber mix added and used with rebar eight to ten inches on center, it will never crack, not even from frost or freezing. On the other hand, what the liner guys will purposely fail to tell you is that the twenty-year warranty for a liner is only against factory defects. What they will not tell you is that liners are vulnerable to many different elements. Last year I got a call from a client who told me they were buying a home in Rancho Santa Fe, California, and they needed me to look at a waterfall and pond that leaked. They told me that the owners had paid a pond liner company $276,000 to build this water feature. The waterfall measured ten feet wide and fifty feet high, consisting of boulders that weighed between one and five tons each. In less than two months it began leaking and got increasingly worse over the next five to six months. They called the contractor and he came out and did an investigation and pointed out the rat and gopher holes that had been burrowed out at the entrances in the outer bordering rocks. He then explained that the warranty only covered factory defects, not holes made by rodents. My clients called another liner company to fix the leaks. Because it would be too expensive to remove all the boulders and rocks to examine the liner, they simply mixed up a sloppy batch of Thoroseal and painted around every rock in the falls. Talk about ugly! They charged the homeowner $75,000 and within weeks it was leaking again. But they couldn't get the company to come back. I wonder why? When they had told me all this, my recommendation to them was to remove all the boulders and create a concrete shell reinforced by rebar. I made the waterfall wider and taller and added a pond with a large tulip fountain at the top. I made the pond at the bottom twice as wide and doubled its length. In addition, I replaced their 2-hp pump with five 3-hp high-efficiency pumps. Plus, I added a 200-watt ultraviolet sterilizer light, a 6000-gallon pressure bead filter, fifty-six 20-watt spot and submersible lights, and an electronic Aquafill auto-level control system. All this was added for $200,000, a full $76,000 less than the liner guy. Now the homeowners have a waterfall and ponds that will last for decades and require minimal maintenance. What's more, all the rocks and boulders are mortared in place so that, unlike liners, there is no danger of them moving when walked on. Much of my work over the last 25 years has been replacing leaky liner ponds with concrete, rebar and rocks. And every one of them won their lawsuits against the liner pond contractors, primarily because of their deceptive sales practices. If you are a liner guy, why not start doing it the professional way instead of using shortcuts, and inferior materials and components... the "get rich quick" approach. If you are just looking to , now you know how: reinforced concrete.

1. What is a procedure of sterilization with the help of autoclave?Instruments exposed to heated pressurized steam, heated up to 268-273ËšF about 131 - 134ËšC for 20 minutes, How Do Autoclaves Work?How Autoclaves WorkOnce you close the autoclave sterilizer chamber, a vacuum pump removes all the air from inside the device or it is forced out by pumping in steam. If done the first way, the sterilizer is pumped with high pressured steam to quickly raise the internal temperature. On every autoclave there is a thermometer that is waiting for the thermal sweet point, 268-273 degrees Fahrenheit, and then it starts its timer. During the sterilizing process, steam is continuously entering the autoclave to thoroughly kill all dangerous microorganisms. Once the required time of autoclave sterilization has the elapsed, the chamber will be exhausted of pressure and steam allowing the door to open for cooling and drying of the contents.This answer is not a substitute for professional medical advice. This answer is for general informational purposes only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. If you think you may have a medical emergency, call your doctor or (in the United States) 911 immediately. Always seek the advice of your doctor before starting or changing treatment. Quora users who provide responses to health-related questions are intended third party beneficiaries with certain rights under Quora's Terms of Service is a procedure of sterilization with the help of autoclave?------2. What kind of soil does aloe vera prefers?You don't say where you are located in the world so it's hard to know what your soil is like. Succulents in general prefer a fast draining, open, low-organic potting media. Bagged brown potting soil or high-organic, clay soil is not the best choice. Anything with peat will make it very difficult (impossible) to re-wet once it dries out. There are several commercial cactus and succulent potting mixes available either in stores or online. Supplement that with pumice, pearlite or a calcined clay product to create open spaces and a reserve of moisture.Any nonsense you read about putting succulents in tiny pots is just that; nonsense. The pot size needs to be appropriate for the size and mass of the plant. The growth habit of your plant will also help determine the best pot size. Is this a plant that offsets prolifically, like many Aloe do? You might need a larger pot.Depending on your climate you can use either terra cotta or plastic pots. I prefer lower profile pots, sometimes called "tulip" pots. Any pot should have at least one drain hole.Don't bury the plant too deep, the root/stem junction should be just small bit below the potting media level. You can cover the top of the potting media with fine gravel (3-6mm) generally referred to as top dressing, it's optional, but widely used by cactus and succulent growers. This keeps things neat and clean and keeps moisture away from the base of the plant.Now, you can pot your plant in a tiny pot with peat-based soil and it will probably survive, if you want it to thrive it needs a potting mix closer to habitat.Good luck!------3. How well do ultraviolet sterilizers work, and do they kill viruses?They work brilliantly, we had one in the genetic labs where I worked many years ago as the UV will destroy any stray DNA that might have got stuck someplace in your equipment and might contaminate your samples.It was also plastered with every warning label in the book and had an opaque cover that you could not actually open when the thing is in operation. It was hazardous enough that it would fry your eyes and skin with remarkably short exposure. It was probably more dangerous that the radiolabelled nucleotides we used once in while.I understand that there are frauds out there who have been flogging ordinary weak UV lamps of the kind you might see in a nightclub, or that we used in the lab to show up flourescent dyes, and passing them off as UV sterilisers. Try not be fooled, those things are even weaker than the ones you get in sunbeds. They won't even cause enough minor skin damage to give you a tan, let alone be powerful enough to frazzle a virus.How well do ultraviolet sterilizers work, and do they kill viruses?------4. What's the photocatalytic medical air sterilizer working principle?I used Mingtai photocatalytic medical air sterilizer before, its mainly refers to the activation of nano-titanium dioxide photocatalyst through a certain level of light irradiation, resulting in highly oxidizable hydroxyl radicals, through the hydroxyl radical OH locking the air harmful ingredients, decomposition of harmful gases, bacteria and viruses, which effectively degrade toxic and harmful substances in the air and kill micro-organisms.What's the photocatalytic medical air sterilizer working principle?------5. Compared with other medical air sterilizer, what's the UV medical air sterilizer advantage?According to my experience, I think is has below advantages:1. High efficiency sterilization: UV can reach 99% sterilization rate within 1 or 2 seconds for bacteria and virus2. No secondary pollution: Mingtai UV sterilization does not add any chemicals, so it will not produce secondary pollution to the surrounding environment, do not change any component of the air3. Safety: Traditional disinfection need disinfectant such as chloride or ozone, those disinfectant are highly toxic, flammable substances, but Mingtai UV disinfection system does not have such security riskCompared with other medical air sterilizer, what's the UV medical air sterilizer advantage?------6. How often should you sterilize baby bottles?Sterilizing bottles typically requires high heat to kill any germs that are on the bottles. An easy option that doesn't require any special equipment is to boil the bottles and nipples. Place them in a pan of water that's deep enough to completely submerge the bottles and accessories. Bring the water to a boil, and simmer the bottles and accessories in the boiling water for 5 minutes.Another option available in most homes is to give the bottles and their accessories a trip through the dishwasher on a high heat setting. Set the wash cycle to "hot," and use a heated drying cycle. Some dishwashers have a specific setting for sanitizing.If you want to sterilize bottles regularly, consider investing in a bottle sterilizer. It uses steam to kill germs in the bottles. You can find freestanding electric sterilizers and units that go into the microwave. Use the manufacturer's instructions to place the individual parts into the sterilizer.How often should you sterilize baby bottles?.------7. Should I have a sterilizer for mushroom spawn production?Should I have a sterilizer for mushroom spawn production? Probably, but it depends on what kind of mushrooms you are growing.There are mushrooms that are not sensitive to contamination / competition - like Trametes versicolor - Wikipedia. I've sometimes gotten mycelia by putting wild specimens into zip lock bags with moist cardboard or moist wood chips. I think Pleurotus ostreatus - Wikipedia isn't fussy about sterilization.Common button mushrooms (agarics), and all of the Psilocybe - Wikipedia will require good sterilization.At home one often uses a pressure cooker, and large ones can often be found used at reasonable prices. Should I have a sterilizer for mushroom spawn production?------8. What are the benefits of a menstrual cup sterilizer?I personally prefer sirona menstrual cup sterilizer.It's very easy to use and compact, leaving your menstrual cup perfectly disinfected and ready to be stored for next cycle. Also it Comes with automatic power-off for complete safety. Sirona Menstrual Cup Sterilizer is 100% BPA-Free, i.e., no harmful industrial chemicals are used in the manufacturing of the sterilizer. Also You can sterilize your cup easily without the hassle of boiling water or wasting your precious time. What are the benefits of a menstrual cup sterilizer?------9. Which infectious agent is the most resistant to sterilization?Among the bacteria the most resistant are spore formers since many spores are not destroyed by "sterilizers" that use boiling water. The only way to destroy those bacteria is by temperature above the boiling point, which is why autoclaves that raise the temperature of water to the temperature creating steam are used to sterilize any substance that might contain pathogenic bacteria. But even in those instruments substances must be packed carefully to be sure the bacteria are exposed to the high temperature. When you are in a beauty salon, or other place that has those small containers marked "sterilizers" - they are not sterilizers, they "sanitize" substances that make most products safe, but if any of the materials they put in those and let them soak in hot water (frequently they do not even bring the water to boiling) happen to be spore forming bacteria, the materials they remove may have spores that can germinate to a form that causes infectious diseases. This is mostly a problem in dental and doctor's offices that rely on these so-called "sterilizers" but salons that do pedicures and other procedures that contaminate instruments can also spread some diseases because of this faulty procedure.Examples of the most serious spore forming pathogenic bacteria are those that cause anthrax, some forms of food poisoning, botulism, tetanus, and other severe disease. Which infectious agent is the most resistant to sterilization?------10. Where can I get the best UV light sterilizer?Hello People,UV light is a reliable, well-studied antimicrobial technology. It works primarily by destroying the DNA inside bacteria, viruses, and fungi. With a good quality UV light sterilizer, you can easily kill the bacteria and disinfect various things like mobile, keys, earphones, masks, and more. It is highly recommended to use it safely with complete instructions.I would suggest you to get it from Landlite Philippines Corporation. It is an online store that provides high-quality UV light sterilization suitable for office, hospital, factory, and big shopping malls. The UV light sterilizer available at Landlite Philippines Corporation kills 99.9% of bacteria and viruses. Also, it has various features like Remote control, adjustable timer, and more.Hope it helps!!Where can I get the best UV light sterilizer?.------11. What is plasma sterilizer?Here I am sharing about the plasma sterilizer.Plasma sterilizes by a process called oxidation. Plasma is the fourth state of matter like solid, liquid, gas and plasma. Plasma is created when a gas is heated in a strong electromagnetic field. It is an unstable form of matter in which either the number of electrons gets increased or decreased.Plasma is an ionized gas that is not stable either contains a negative or a positive charge. Some examples of naturally occurring plasma are fire, lighting, the stars, and the sun so on.Plasma Sterilizer is also used for software controlled dexterous door locking that means allows operator to release door using the touch screen panel only when it is safe to do.Plasma chamber produce by RF generator on time with specific fiquency. What is plasma sterilizer?.------12. What is the difference between sterilizer and sanitizer?A sterilizer is a means to render all biological material 100% inactive. The use of an autoclave utilizes time, heat, and pressure to kill all biologicals inactive. UV radiation exposure given for an adequate time will sterilize surfaces and atomic radiation exposure for a sufficient amount of time will also sterilize materials. A sanitizer is typically only chemical application and will only provide a 99% kill rate to biological materials. There is a very significant difference between 99.99% kill rate versus 100% when there are many, many millions of biologicals present. What is the difference between sterilizer and sanitizer?------13. Using a baby bottle sterilizer for piercing equipment?I'm not familiar with the specs of a baby bottle sterilizer. But instead of an autoclave, I know pressure cookers have been substituted. The better ones have pressure gauges, and start at about $80 and end at some pretty outrageous prices......I just Googled "baby bottle sterilizer". Not sure that I would trust that any more than just boiling the instruments in water.See: ------14. What are the features of a menstrual cup sterilizer?A menstrual cup is an excellent alternative to disposable pads and tampons. Not only that it can be worn for up to 10-12 consecutive hours, it is also reusable. Simply empty the content, wash the cup well, and just reinsert it back again. That's how convenient it is to have one.I use Sirona menstrual cup sterilizer to sterilize my menstrual cup.Following are its features :It should be convenient. Maintains pH balanceQuickBPA freeAutomatic switch offHassle free sterilizingEfficientWhat are the features of a menstrual cup sterilizer?

1. How do you set up a Salt Water Aquarium?Ask any saltwater aquarium hobbyist and you'll discover that the process of setting up and stocking an aquarium is definitely worth the work and the wait. Saltwater aquarium setup and stocking requires careful effort, especially now that the Internet has afforded hobbyists access to many rare and/or demanding species of fish and invertebrates. Many of the available species also have special compatibility requirements which you must address during the stocking process. This article details the five phases involved in successfully setting up and stocking a marine aquarium. Phase 1 - Prepare your aquarium water Set up the aquarium and install all filtration equipment. Fill the aquarium with freshwater that has ideally been treated by reverse osmosis. If you must use untreated city water, add a quality liquid dechlorinator to remove chlorine from the water. Next, add salt by carefully following the instructions on the salt mix. Use a hydrometer to monitor and raise salinity to the desired level. Install the aquarium heater and set to the desired temperature. Allow the system to run for a few days to ensure a constant water temperature and proper operation of all equipment. Phase 2 - Build your aquarium "foundation" After your aquarium has run successfully for a few days, start building your "foundation" of aragonite-based substrate and live rock. You might also consider adding 2-3 inches of live sand, which seeds the sand bed with beneficial bacteria and micro-organisms. If you need assistance in determining the proper amount of sand for your aquarium, please feel free to contact Drs. Foster & Smith. After you've added your substrate and live sand, add your live rock. Live rock is porous, aragonite-based rock harvested from the rubble zones of ocean reefs. In addition to harboring large amounts of beneficial bacteria and micro-organisms, live rock also provides aquarium inhabitants with safe hiding spaces and helps maintain healthy water parameters. Live rock offers aesthetic appeal and biological filtration while providing the necessary habitat and nutrition for your fish and invertebrates. You can choose from several varieties of live rock - variations in color, shape, and associated marine life are dependent upon the geographic area in which the live rock originated. As a general rule, add approximately 1-1/2 pounds of rock per gallon of water in your aquarium. The exact amount you should add will vary by the type of rock you choose. Be sure to follow the recommendations that accompany your chosen live rock. Your live rock must be fully cured before you can add any fish or invertebrates to your aquarium. The curing process, which initiates the Nitrogen Cycle, typically takes 4-5 weeks. During this time, you must also perform weekly 25% water changes. To start your live rock curing, stack the rock loosely in your aquarium. Try to build as many caves as possible. This allows fish to swim freely within the rockwork, and provides the rock with good water circulation. Also, be sure to stack your rocks right side up - turn the side of the rock with the most color upward. This will help ensure proper lighting conditions for both the colorful coralline algae, which requires bright light, and the sponges, which require low light. Please note: during the curing process, you must keep the aquarium dark to inhibit algae growth - provide illumination only briefly when checking progress. Phase 3 - Add lighting and an Algae Attack Pack Once your live rock has fully cured, and the biological filtration is mature, you can add your aquaria. However, as a final precaution before adding aquaria, test your ammonia and nitrite levels to ensure they are at 0 ppm. At this time, you should also set up your lighting system with a common appliance timer set to illuminate the aquarium 10-12 hours per day. The following few weeks after adding lighting, you will most likely experience an algae bloom. To combat this, you should add an algae attack pack to your aquarium. Follow the acclimation procedure included with the pack and allow your aquarium's biological filtration to catch up to the new increased biological load. The biological filtration will quickly accommodate the new inhabitants, due to the fully cured live rock in the system. After a few days, test the ammonia and nitrite levels - when they reach 0, you can begin adding fish and invertebrates. Phase 4 - Begin adding fish and invertebrates After you've cured your live rock, illuminated your aquarium, and taken care of any subsequent algae blooms, your aquarium is ready for fish and invertebrates. Before adding any fish and/or invertebrates, be sure you're familiar with any compatibility issues that may exist among your desired species. Also, be sure to stock your aquarium gradually to allow the biological filtration to catch up to the new aquarium inhabitants. When planning your initial and additional aquaria orders, first test ammonia and nitrite levels and make sure the levels reach and remain at zero for at least a few weeks. Once the levels are stable at zero, you can safely order - then add - new fish and/or invertebrates. If you're not already familiar with the temperament, environmental requirements, and maintenance/aquarist expertise level of your desired species, offers helpful, concise quick stats with that information for each fish and/or invertebrate. also offers a comprehensive compatibility chart to help you determine whether your desired species are compatible with one another. The first series of fish and invertebrates you add to your aquarium must be the most docile of your desired species. This will allow them to become accustomed to the aquarium before you add larger, more active, more aggressive species. After giving your new arrivals at least a few weeks to become acclimated, follow up gradually with the larger, more active species. You may also be wondering just how many fish you can successfully keep in your aquarium. While many variables affect that answer, a general rule is to stock no more than an inch of fully grown fish per gallon of water in your aquarium. For example, if you have a 30-gallon aquarium, ideally stock no more than 15 total inches of fully grown fish. Remember to consider your desired fishes' maximum size when calculating this amount. Phase 5 - Add a Detritus Attack Pack Now that you've established your aquarium and added fish and invertebrates, you should add a Detritus Attack Pack to help maintain healthy water parameters. The invertebrates in these attack packs feed on leftover food and waste from fish and other invertebrates. If insufficient detritus-eating invertebrates are present, the unconsumed food and waste will ultimately serve as nutrients for unwanted algae. Simply choose the Detritus Attack Pack that fits the size of your aquarium. In Conclusion The above steps should simplify and demystify the process of successfully setting up and stocking a marine aquarium. Most importantly - and prior to investing in and setting up aquarium equipment - research the needs of your desired fish and invertebrates to ensure from the start that you have the time, energy, and resources to invest into their care. And be sure to resist the temptation to add all your inhabitants at once - by stocking your aquarium slowly, you will greatly increase your inhabitants' chances for survival, as well as your chances for long-term success. With the proper setup, as well as diligence, patience, and care, your saltwater aquarium and its inhabitants will thrive while you enjoy a beautiful, fascinating ocean setting in your own home.

Here I am sharing about the plasma sterilizer.Plasma sterilizes by a process called oxidation. Plasma is the fourth state of matter like solid, liquid, gas and plasma. Plasma is created when a gas is heated in a strong electromagnetic field. It is an unstable form of matter in which either the number of electrons gets increased or decreased.Plasma is an ionized gas that is not stable either contains a negative or a positive charge. Some examples of naturally occurring plasma are fire, lighting, the stars, and the sun so on.Plasma Sterilizer is also used for software controlled dexterous door locking that means allows operator to release door using the touch screen panel only when it is safe to do.Plasma chamber produce by RF generator on time with specific fiquency. What is plasma sterilizer?.• Related QuestionsHow often should you sterilize baby bottles?Sterilizing bottles typically requires high heat to kill any germs that are on the bottles. An easy option that doesn't require any special equipment is to boil the bottles and nipples. Place them in a pan of water that's deep enough to completely submerge the bottles and accessories. Bring the water to a boil, and simmer the bottles and accessories in the boiling water for 5 minutes.Another option available in most homes is to give the bottles and their accessories a trip through the dishwasher on a high heat setting. Set the wash cycle to "hot," and use a heated drying cycle. Some dishwashers have a specific setting for sanitizing.If you want to sterilize bottles regularly, consider investing in a bottle sterilizer. It uses steam to kill germs in the bottles. You can find freestanding electric sterilizers and units that go into the microwave. Use the manufacturer's instructions to place the individual parts into the sterilizer.How often should you sterilize baby bottles?.------How well do ultraviolet sterilizers work, and do they kill viruses?They work brilliantly, we had one in the genetic labs where I worked many years ago as the UV will destroy any stray DNA that might have got stuck someplace in your equipment and might contaminate your samples.It was also plastered with every warning label in the book and had an opaque cover that you could not actually open when the thing is in operation. It was hazardous enough that it would fry your eyes and skin with remarkably short exposure. It was probably more dangerous that the radiolabelled nucleotides we used once in while.I understand that there are frauds out there who have been flogging ordinary weak UV lamps of the kind you might see in a nightclub, or that we used in the lab to show up flourescent dyes, and passing them off as UV sterilisers. Try not be fooled, those things are even weaker than the ones you get in sunbeds. They won't even cause enough minor skin damage to give you a tan, let alone be powerful enough to frazzle a virus.How well do ultraviolet sterilizers work, and do they kill viruses?------Which infectious agent is the most resistant to sterilization?Among the bacteria the most resistant are spore formers since many spores are not destroyed by "sterilizers" that use boiling water. The only way to destroy those bacteria is by temperature above the boiling point, which is why autoclaves that raise the temperature of water to the temperature creating steam are used to sterilize any substance that might contain pathogenic bacteria. But even in those instruments substances must be packed carefully to be sure the bacteria are exposed to the high temperature. When you are in a beauty salon, or other place that has those small containers marked "sterilizers" - they are not sterilizers, they "sanitize" substances that make most products safe, but if any of the materials they put in those and let them soak in hot water (frequently they do not even bring the water to boiling) happen to be spore forming bacteria, the materials they remove may have spores that can germinate to a form that causes infectious diseases. This is mostly a problem in dental and doctor's offices that rely on these so-called "sterilizers" but salons that do pedicures and other procedures that contaminate instruments can also spread some diseases because of this faulty procedure.Examples of the most serious spore forming pathogenic bacteria are those that cause anthrax, some forms of food poisoning, botulism, tetanus, and other severe disease. Which infectious agent is the most resistant to sterilization?------Can we use disinfectant as a sterilizer?Actually no. Although we talk about the two words as synonymous to each other the words and products are differentA disinfectant kills most of the "bad bugs" while a sterilant kills everything from bacteria to spores to yeast and fungus to virusesSo something that is certified as a disinfectant will NOT necessarily be sterile. This means there may still be spores and other hard to kill organisms.I imagine that there are disinfectants that do sterilize but have only been certified as disinfectants for economic reasons but that is an assumption on my partIf the goal is no bugs then a sterilant is required if all you want to do is kill the most aggressive and sickening stuff then a disinfectant will suffice. I don't know of any sterilants available to the typical consumer BTW so even stuff sold that we all think about are really only disinfectants and not sterilants (Lysol, Clorox Wipes etc)Thanks for the A2A requestDr DThis answer is not a substitute for professional medical advice. This answer is for general informational purposes only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. If you think you may have a medical emergency, call your doctor or (in the United States) 911 immediately. Always seek the advice of your doctor before starting or changing treatment. Quora users who provide responses to health-related questions are intended third party beneficiaries with certain rights under Quora's Terms of Service we use disinfectant as a sterilizer?This answer is not a substitute for professional medical advice. This answer is for general informational purposes only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. If you think you may have a medical emergency, call your doctor or (in the United States) 911 immediately. Always seek the advice of your doctor before starting or changing treatment. Quora users who provide responses to health-related questions are intended third party beneficiaries with certain rights under Quora's Terms of Service------What is a procedure of sterilization with the help of autoclave?Instruments exposed to heated pressurized steam, heated up to 268-273˚F about 131 - 134˚C for 20 minutes, How Do Autoclaves Work?How Autoclaves WorkOnce you close the autoclave sterilizer chamber, a vacuum pump removes all the air from inside the device or it is forced out by pumping in steam. If done the first way, the sterilizer is pumped with high pressured steam to quickly raise the internal temperature. On every autoclave there is a thermometer that is waiting for the thermal sweet point, 268-273 degrees Fahrenheit, and then it starts its timer. During the sterilizing process, steam is continuously entering the autoclave to thoroughly kill all dangerous microorganisms. Once the required time of autoclave sterilization has the elapsed, the chamber will be exhausted of pressure and steam allowing the door to open for cooling and drying of the contents.This answer is not a substitute for professional medical advice. This answer is for general informational purposes only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. If you think you may have a medical emergency, call your doctor or (in the United States) 911 immediately. Always seek the advice of your doctor before starting or changing treatment. Quora users who provide responses to health-related questions are intended third party beneficiaries with certain rights under Quora's Terms of Service is a procedure of sterilization with the help of autoclave?------What are the experiences of mothers using a UV baby bottle sterilizer and dryer?Some mothers complain that there are many tedious steps in a steam steriliser; some mothers are always worried about the danger of high temperature brought by microwave sterilizer; some mothers say steam sterilizer will take a long time to disinfect a baby bottle; some mothers concern about the mildew under the moist store condition. Therefore, more and more mothers now choose UV baby bottle sterilizer and dryer, 2 in 1 feature to handle all the above comments. This product not only avoid all the disadvantages mentioned above, but also achieve 99% germs killing rate. The following is an experience shared by an American mother using a bottle sterilizer and dryer.With our first baby, we used one of those super-cheap steam sterilizers to clean our son's bottles after every washing. I'd always been concerned about mildew, and working with the hot steam, and how to get bottles sufficiently dry after use. It seems that the negatives possibly outweighed the positives. So when we had twin infants on the way, I decided to look for something better. And lo and behold, I discovered the magic of sterilizers and dryer with UV lamps and circulation fans, that were so popular in Asia. Despite costing nearly 7x what a steam sterilizer does, these things are totally worth it, if you're having to wash several loads of bottles a day. No worries about mildew. Much faster drying than putting on a drying rack. And fewer operations: just load everything up after washing, press a button and go to bed. When you later need the bottles, they'll be ready to go, and completely dry, convenient to operate, quick and safe.What are the experiences of mothers using a UV baby bottle sterilizer and dryer?------What kind of soil does aloe vera prefers?You don't say where you are located in the world so it's hard to know what your soil is like. Succulents in general prefer a fast draining, open, low-organic potting media. Bagged brown potting soil or high-organic, clay soil is not the best choice. Anything with peat will make it very difficult (impossible) to re-wet once it dries out. There are several commercial cactus and succulent potting mixes available either in stores or online. Supplement that with pumice, pearlite or a calcined clay product to create open spaces and a reserve of moisture.Any nonsense you read about putting succulents in tiny pots is just that; nonsense. The pot size needs to be appropriate for the size and mass of the plant. The growth habit of your plant will also help determine the best pot size. Is this a plant that offsets prolifically, like many Aloe do? You might need a larger pot.Depending on your climate you can use either terra cotta or plastic pots. I prefer lower profile pots, sometimes called "tulip" pots. Any pot should have at least one drain hole.Don't bury the plant too deep, the root/stem junction should be just small bit below the potting media level. You can cover the top of the potting media with fine gravel (3-6mm) generally referred to as top dressing, it's optional, but widely used by cactus and succulent growers. This keeps things neat and clean and keeps moisture away from the base of the plant.Now, you can pot your plant in a tiny pot with peat-based soil and it will probably survive, if you want it to thrive it needs a potting mix closer to habitat.Good luck!