Knowledge Related to Crushed Red Pepper

Crushed red pepper or red pepper flakes is a condiment or spice consisting of dried and crushed (as opposed to ground) red chili peppers. This condiment is most often produced from cayenne-type peppers, although commercial producers may use a variety of different cultivars, usually within the 30,000-50,000 Scoville unit range. The village of Bukovo, North Macedonia is often credited with the creation of crushed red pepper.

The name of the villageor a derivative of itis now used as a name for crushed red pepper in general in a number of Southeast European languages: " /" (bukovska piper/bukovec, Macedonian), "bukovka" (Serbo-Croatian and Slovene) and "" (bkovo, Greek). Crushed red pepper shakers have become a standard on tables at Mediterranean restaurants and especially pizza parlors around the world. Often there is a high ratio of seeds, which are popularly believed to contain the most spice.

Crushed red pepper is used by food manufacturers in pickling blends, chowders, spaghetti sauce, pizza sauce, soups and sausage. Crushed red pepper in Turkey, served as a common condiment with very few seeds, is known as pul biber in English. One specially prepared variety of it is the Urfa pul biber (isot).

· Other Related Knowledge of Shaker

Managerial and coaching career of Shaker

BurySmith began his managerial career with Bury in November 1973, taking over from Allan Brown. At the age of 29 he was the youngest manager in the Football League. He had initial success, guiding Bury to promotion from the Fourth Division in the fourth automatic place at the end of the 197374 season.

He stabilised the Gigg Lane outfit in the Third Division in 197475 with a 14th-place finish. They went on to finish 13th in 197576, before finishing five points off the promotion places in 197677. He was sacked by Bury on 16 November 1977 after a poor start to the season.

The "Shakers" finished the 197778 campaign in 15th place under the stewardship of Bob Stokoe. Port ValeA day after leaving Bury he was appointed as manager of Port Vale. He replaced club legend Roy Sproson, and was given a large war chest to spend after a successful lottery scheme was set up at Vale Park.

He took over with the club in 21st place in the Third Division. His first game in charge was a 00 draw with Midland Counties League side Arnold in the First Round of the FA Cup. In January, veteran defender Graham Hawkins was signed as a player-coach from Blackburn Rovers for 6,000.

Forward Neville Chamberlain also joined the club as a professional, becoming the club's first black pro. John Froggatt also joined the club, signing from Colchester United for 10,000. Chairman Arthur McPherson celebrated this abandonment of frugality by declaring "we are going places".

Local journalist Chris Harper slated the board for their decisions, calling them 'berserk'. Froggatt scored fifteen seconds into his debut in a 40 win over Exeter City. However this would be as good as it got for both Froggatt and Vale that season.

In February, Vale beat Fort Lauderdale Strikers in a friendly, but also started a five games sequence without a win. Ged Stenson arrived the next month from Everton for a 'bargain' 3,000, and John Lumsdon joined on loan from Stoke City. Vale improved, and were unbeaten in six of their seven March games, with Chamberlain scoring on his debut.

Yet on 28 March they started a club-record streak of twelve home games without a win that would continue into the following season. Encouragement came from the youth side, who reached the Quarter Finals of the FA Youth Cup. With four games to go, Vale were one point clear of the drop, however by losing all of their remaining games the "Valiants" ended the 197778 season in 21st place and were relegated into the Fourth Division.

Smith was appointed as manager of Swindon Town in May 1978, with the club having to pay a compensation fee of 10,500 to Port Vale. His assistant, Dennis Butler, stayed on at the club and was appointed as his successor. Swindon TownDespite still being a relatively young manager, Smith guided Swindon to a Third Division promotion challenge in his first season in charge - missing out by three points after losing the last two games of the season.

His two signings, Alan Mayes and Andy Rowland, formed a deadly strike partnership, and were both selected on the PFA Team of the Year. The following season Swindon beat Stoke City, Wimbledon and Arsenal to reach the League Cup semi-final. They lost out to Wolverhampton Wanderers when Wolves scored the winner five minutes from the end of the second leg.

However Town squandered a promising league position to finish the campaign in tenth place. During the campaign his team recorded an 80 win over former club Bury. Having spent large amounts of money, particularly on 150,000 left-back David Peach and 110,000 midfielder Glenn Cockerill, expectations were high at Swindon for the 198081 season.

However, Smith was sacked in October 1980 after Swindon lost their first five games and were stuck in the relegation zone. They finished the campaign in 17th place under the stewardship of John Trollope. Newport CountyIn 1981, he joined the coaching staff at Blackpool and in July 1982 moved to be a coach at Newport County.

He was appointed manager of Newport in June 1985, and kept the club rooted to 18th in the Third Division in 198586, before a run of seven straight defeats saw the club hovering above the relegation places and ultimately cost him his job. His replacement John Relish managed to steer the club to safety. CoachingHe coached Cardiff City between 1989 and July 1990 after being brought to the club by manager Frank Burrows.

Later that year he became assistant manager to Colin Addison at Hereford United. He joined the coaching staff at Swansea City in March 1991, and the following year manager Frank Burrows appointed him as his assistant. In October 1995 he became manager of Swansea after the departure of Burrows, but resigned just 80 days later in December of the same year.

A playing revolt at Vetch Field led to the resignation of his replacement, Kevin Cullis, before the "Swans" finished 199596 in the Second Division relegation zone under the stewardship of Jan Mlby. In 1996 Smith was appointed to the coaching staff at Sheffield Wednesday by David Pleat, where he performed a variety of roles before leaving in the summer of 1999.

------

Cochranites (aka "The Society of Free Brethren and Sisters") of Shaker

Jacob Cochran was said to have promoted the restoration of the apostolic Christian church, a popular sentiment at that time.

He also claimed success in miracle-working and exorcism. Cochran also instituted holy dancing and a frenzy called reaping in which participants are "thrown into the greatest agitations; a violent exertion of the arms and body, for a long time together.To other violent motions of the arms and body, they give the appellation of winnowing, and separating the chaff from the wheat: another they call, gathering and burning the chaff.

" Cochran dismissed traditional concepts of marriage, citing passages in the bible where seven wives shared one man. As early as 1818-1819 the group was referring to spiritual wifery. Cochran would assign women to the men since legal marriages were not considered valid.

He would also shift these women between men as he saw fit as their prophet. It was said that about half of the women in the group were once assigned to him. Ephraim Stinchfield, who observed the community on a number of occasions, recorded 16 pages of "abominations" including unwed couples staying together, and Cochran's habit of taking young women into private rooms for extended periods of time.

After their meeting was over, I retired and spent the rest of the evening with six of this society, one of whom called himself an ordained minister in their society. I had now for the first time, an opportunity of inquiring into their distinguishing peculiar tenets. They, like all other enthusiasts, pretended to light superior to that of any other religious society, since the Apostles; and the power of healing the sick, raising the dead, and casting out devils -- all of which, they said, had been literally performed among them.

Extraordinary dreams and visions, they asserted, had been experienced, and wonders wrought. They had private, sometimes dark, meetings; in which none, but such as were bound by oath, to the most inviolable secrecy, not to divulge what was transacted in the meeting, upon penalty of eternal damnation, or of having their names blotted out of the book of life, were admitted. That each brother and sister in this fraternity, has a spiritual husband, wife, mate, or yoke fellow, such as they choose, or their leaders choose for them.

These spiritual mates, dissolve, or disannul, all former marriage connections; and many of them bed and board together, to the exclusion of all former vows. Such conduct as this, had not become general, and many of them would deny that such things existed among them, though proved by the most solemn declarating of persons of undoubted veracity. I had, before I left this place, such a discovery of the mystery of iniquity, working to the subverson of all social ties, between husband and wife, parents and children, rulers and ruled, ministers and people; the rising generation corrupted by the introduction of such vicious practices, under a cloak of religion, that it seemed as if I should be constrained to run from house to house, and cry day and night, against the abomination that maketh desolate.

Cochran also was working towards a communal order where everything was held in common. However, within a few years, Cochran was eventually convicted of gross lewdness, lascivious behavior, and adultery and spent four years in prison. His followers were once said to be in the thousands, but only a handful remained loyal to their prophet after his imprisonment.

A few years after his release from prison, Jacob Cochran established a colony for a portion of his followers, in what is now Grove township, Allegany Co., New York. This little-known group lived in close proximity to several people who later became prominent members within the Latter Day Saint Movement including Warren Cowdery, William Marks and Lyman Wightthe first Mormon branches in Allegany County were established in the area immediately surrounding the Cochranite colony, during the early 1830s.

Cochran has been called a "John the Baptist" for Mormonism by Saco Valley historian G.T. Ridlon because so many Cochranites were among those who converted to Mormonism and moved west.

Although the Cochranites practiced a type of "spiritual wifery" (see above) which sanctioned multiple female partners for each man in the group, their doctrines did not include the precept of "eternal marriage", and thus differed slightly from Utah Mormon polygamy. Latter Day Saint historical sources indicate that Mormon missionaries were laboring successfully to make converts among Maine's Cochranites as early as 1832: at the Church conference held in Saco, Maine on August 21, 1835, at least seven of the newly ordained apostles were in attendance. John C.

Bennett, a leading Mormon who was excommunicated, is credited with introducing the Cochranite term spiritual wifery to Mormonism. Bennett's version of the multiple female partners practice appears to have more closely resembled Jacob Cochran's doctrine than it did the precept of polygamy alleged to exist among the Latter Day Saints.